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Great Alaska Earthquake, Prince William Sound, March 28, 1964identificationInfocontentInfo distributionInfo metadataMaintenance |
| (MI_Metadata) fileIdentifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.photos:G01200 language: eng; USA characterSet: (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8 hierarchyLevel: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode)http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode dateStamp: 2011-04-06 metadataStandardName: ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data metadataStandardVersion: ISO 19115-2:2009(E) return to top identificationInfo: (MD_DataIdentification) citation: (CI_Citation) title: Great Alaska Earthquake, Prince William Sound, March 28, 1964 date: (CI_Date) date: 1994 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication edition: First identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Document citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (comp) role: (CI_RoleCode) originator citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: National Geophysical Data Center contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO role: (CI_RoleCode) publisher presentationForm: abstract: The Prince William Sound magnitude 8.4 earthquake at 03:36 UT on March 28, 1964, was one of the largest shocks ever recorded on the North American Continent. The quake was felt over 500,000 square miles. The quake took 131 lives and caused $350-500 million in property damage (One hundred twenty-two of the deaths were attributed to the tsunami.) The area of the damage zone (50,000 square miles) and the duration of the quake (3 to 4 minutes) were extraordinary. This set of slides shows geologic changes, damage to structures, transportation systems, and utilities and tsunami damage. It features the effects of four major landslides in Anchorage during the 1964 event. Certainly the quake would have claimed many more lives had the population not been sparse, the weather clement, and had the quake not occurred during the off-season for fishing and on the evening of a holiday when the schools were empty and most offices deserted.Geologic Changes - The quake was accompanied by vertical displacement of earth over a 100,000 square mile region. The maximum uplift recorded was 33 feet (10 m) on land, and as much as 50 feet (15 m) on the sea floor. Subsidence exceeded 7 feet (2 m). The uplift destroyed or greatly impaired the usefulness of many harbors. The habitats of many animals, trees and other vegetation were destroyed or damaged by subsidence. Low-lying settlements and many miles of railroad and highway were dropped below the level of high tide so that they were periodically flooded and attacked by storm waves. Crustal deformation associated with this earthquake was the most extensive ever recorded and extended far beyond the epicentral area. Faulting of bedrock at the earth's surface during the earthquake was found only in the area of maximum tectonic uplift on southwest Montague Island in Prince William Sound and on the sea floor southwest of Montague Island. No faulting at the surface was found in the zone between the areas that were tectonically uplifted and downdropped. Grabens (elongated down-dropped blocks between faults) formed in many places. The strong ground motion induced many snowslides, rockfalls, and subaerial and subaqueous landslides. Large subaerial slides in Anchorage and subaqueous slides at Valdez and Seward damaged streets, buildings, utilities, and shore side structures. Numerous slope and embankment failures harmed railways, highways, and particularly bridges. Rock avalanches and snow avalanches, subsidence, and consolidation occurred; and cracks, fissures, and sand spouts developed in many places. Soil liquefaction played a major roll in the development of most landslides.Damage To Structures, Transportation, and Utilities - Anchorage, Cordova, Homer, Kodiak, Seldovia, Seward, and Valdez were damaged severely by uplift or subsidence, shaking, landslides, tsunamis, and fires. In Anchorage damaging landslides occurred in Turnagain, Fourth Avenue, "L" Street, and Government Hill areas. Structural damage was largely the result of landslides. Seismic vibration caused severe structural damage in Anchorage, Valdez, and the large delta of the Coper River. Damage from seismic vibration was most common in buildings and structures constructed of heavy materials and tended to be most severe in tall buildings. Notable among the partly or completely collapsed buildings in Anchorage were the Four Seasons apartment building, the Government Hill School, and the J.C. Penney building. However, many of the heavy structures in these areas sustained minimal seismic damage. Generally well-built wood-frame buildings of seismic resistant design sustained very little damage from vibration generated by the earthquake. Valdez was severely damaged by a large submarine landslide and the resulting waves that destroyed the waterfront facilities. The ground beneath the town was deformed damaging the foundations of structures. The town was moved to a new site at a cost of $37,500,000.Damage to surface transportation facilities was extensive. Landslides, embankment failures, subsidence of ground, tsunami action, and soil movements that distorted or destroyed bridges were the main causes of damage. The Alaska Railroad lost its port facility at Whittier, its docks at Seward, and numerous bridges on the Kenai Peninsula. Reconstruction of the railroad facilities was completed in two and one half years at a cost of $22 million. Many highway bridges, especially on the Seward and Copper River highways, were damaged. Many port and harbor facilities, especially at Seward, Valdez, Kodiak, Whittier, Cordova, and Homer, were destroyed. The major damage to utilities occurred in Anchorage where the earth slides set in motion by the earthquake caused extensive damage to all utility systems. Oil storage tanks at Valdez, Seward, and Whittier ruptured and burned.Tsunamis - The submarine landslides resulting from the earthquake created local sea waves or tsunamis, which, together with the major tsunami generated by the crustal deformation, smashed port and harbor facilities, disturbed and killed salmon fry, leveled forests, and caused the saltwater invasion of many coastal freshwater lakes. In addition to the local tsunamis the earthquake generated a major tsunami that was recorded throughout the Pacific Basin and lapped against Antarctica. The major tsunami caused extensive damage outside Alaska in Port Alberni British Columbia and took 16 lives in Oregon and California. Of the one hundred twenty-two deaths resulting from the tsunamis, at least 71 deaths were blamed on the local slump-generated tsunamis in Alaska. The quake also generated seiches in rivers, harbors, channels, lakes, and swimming pools as distant as the United States Gulf Coast States. Total tsunami damage amounted to about $84 million in Alaska. purpose: Make available Damage Photos for research and education credit: Patricia Lockridge status: (MD_ProgressCode) completed pointOfContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact resourceMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) notPlanned graphicOverview: (MD_BrowseGraphic) fileName: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/icons/small_res/7/7_159.jpg fileDescription: Tsunami damage to the north end of Resurrection Bay near Seward. The first wave arose after a waterfront and submarine slump developed within minutes of the beginning of the earthquake. A large mound of water rose in the fiord. This wave and other waves washed into the town of Seward destroying buildings, docks, railroad facilities, and small boats. About twenty minutes later the first wave from the major tsunami arrived. The maximum runup was between 30 and 38 feet (9.1 -11.5 m) above mean low water. Waves continued for more than eight hours after the quake. fileType: JPEG descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Seismology > Earthquake Occurrences keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Tectonics > Faults type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: NASA/GCMD Earth Science Keywords date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Earthquakes keyword: INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Faults > Faults keyword: INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activity type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: INFOTERRA Keyword Thesaurus date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: WDC/MGG, BOULDER > World Data Center for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Boulder keyword: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: NASA/GCMD Data Center Keywords date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: North and Central America > United States > Alaska > Valdez-Cordova > Prince William Sound type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) place thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names date: resourceConstraints: (MD_LegalConstraints) accessConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions useConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions otherConstraints: Access Constraints: None Use Constraints: None Distribution Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. language: eng; USA topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) oceans topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) geoscientificInformation extent: (EX_Extent) geographicElement: (EX_GeographicBoundingBox) westBoundLongitude: -149.53 eastBoundLongitude: -146.16 southBoundLatitude: 61.07 northBoundLatitude: 61.13 temporalElement: (EX_TemporalExtent) extent: TimeInstant: description: Publication Date timePosition: 1964-03-28 return to top contentInfo: return to top distributionInfo: (MD_Distribution) distributionFormat: (MD_Format) name: TIFF version: distributor: (MD_Distributor) distributorContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: User Services organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-6826 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: ngdc.info@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain role: (CI_RoleCode) distributor distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess) fees: $25.00 plus handling and shipping outside the USA orderingInstructions: Non-Digital Form: 35mm slides; Great Alaska Earthquake, Prince William Sound, March 28, 1964 Ordering Instructions: Product may be ordered via: http://ols.nndc.noaa.gov/plolstore/plsql/olstore.prodspecific?prodnum=G01200-SLI-A0001 Custom Order Process: Contact Data Center turnaround: 4 days distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess) fees: None orderingInstructions: Ordering Instructions: Data may be downloaded via:http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=7&t=101634&s=0&d=4&d=44 Custom Order Process: Contact Data Center transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) transferSize: Real: 23802 onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=7&t=101634&s=0&d=4&d=44 onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/ onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazardimages/ transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) offLine: (MD_Medium) name: (MD_MediumNameCode) cdRom mediumFormat: (MD_MediumFormatCode) iso9660 return to top metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: maintenanceNote: This metadata was automatically generated from the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata: Extensions for Remote Sensing Metadata standard version FGDC-STD-012-2002 using the June 2011 version of the FGDC RSE to ISO 19115-2 transform. The Spatial Reference Information is not currently mapped over to ISO but will be mapped in future versions. contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian |
