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Earthquake Damage, Northern Iran, June 21, 1990identificationInfocontentInfo distributionInfo metadataMaintenance |
| (MI_Metadata) fileIdentifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.photos:G01207 language: eng; USA characterSet: (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8 hierarchyLevel: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode)http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode dateStamp: 2011-04-06 metadataStandardName: ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data metadataStandardVersion: ISO 19115-2:2009(E) return to top identificationInfo: (MD_DataIdentification) citation: (CI_Citation) title: Earthquake Damage, Northern Iran, June 21, 1990 date: (CI_Date) date: 1994 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication edition: First identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Document citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (comp) role: (CI_RoleCode) originator citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: National Geophysical Data Center contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO role: (CI_RoleCode) publisher presentationForm: abstract: A magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurred in the Gilan Province between the towns of Rudbar and Manjil in northern Iran on Thursday, June 21, 1990. The event, the largest ever to be recorded in that part of the Caspian Sea region, may have been composed of two or more closely-spaced earthquakes occurring in rapid succession. These quakes, exceptionally close to the surface for this region, were also unusually destructive. This slide set depicts damage resulting from intensive ground motion and soil liquefaction. It shows damage to buildings of various types,including unreinforced masonry, steel structures, and concrete buildings. A magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurred in the Gilan Province between the towns of Rudbar and Manjil in northern Iran on Thursday, June 21, 1990, at 12:30 A.M. The earthquake, the largest ever to be recorded in that part of the Caspian Sea region, may have been amplified by two or more closely-spaced earthquakes occurring in rapid succession. The event, which was exceptionally close to the surface for this region, was unusually destructive. Earthquakes in Iran have killed thousands of people since the first was recorded about A.D. 700. There have been fifty-four significant earthquakes in Iran in the past thirty years alone. These earthquakes occur as Iran iscompressed by Africa and the Arabian Peninsula which is moving towards Eurasia at about 16 mm per year. The epicenter of the June 1990 earthquake was located in the collision zone between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate. This area-the Northern Seismic Zone-runs east and west along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. This highly seismic region has reportedly experienced fourteen earthquakes with magnitudes between 6.0 and 7.7 within the last 1200 years. In 1962 an earthquake of similar magnitude in the area killed 12,000. The June 1990 earthquake caused widespread damage in areas within a 100 km radius of the epicenter near the City of Rasht and about two hundred kilometers northwest of Tehran. The cities of Rudbar, Manjil, and Lushan and 700 villages were destroyed, and at least three hundred more villages were slightly damaged. There was $7,000,000 in damage in Gilan and Zanjan provinces southwest of the Caspian Sea. There were 40,000 fatalities. Sixty thousand people were injured; 500,000 people were left homeless. Rescue operations were hampered by the fact that the earthquake occurred in the middle of the night, by adverse weather conditions, and by the rugged terrain of the mountain villages. Roads and highways were blocked by extensive landslides further hampering rescue operations. About 100,000 buildings collapsed or incurred major damage. Factors contributing to this extreme damage include: Construction materials. The use of brittle construction materials, brick, block, adobe, wooden timbers, and modern materials inappropriate for use in traditional structures. Construction techniques, and workmanship. The use of unreinforced masonry, and unreinforced sheer walls, poor welding of connections in steel frames, failure to tie steel support beams together, and the use of heavy masonry without adequate support in flooring, ceilings, and roofs. Inadequate design and detailing. Some modern structures lacked the symmetry of earlier traditional structures. Earthquake-resistant designs were not used. Building codes were inconsistent or unenforced. Liquefaction and failure of the soils. This was especially prominent on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Pressure from the earthquake forced ground water droplets between the grains of sand. The soil temporarily lost strength and behaved as a viscous liquid. With no firm support, structures sank or were spread apart by the liquefied soil. The unconsolidated soils may also have amplified the seismic vibrations. Often several factors contributed to the failure of a single structure. The single most important factor in building failures was the use of unreinforced masonry walls. Application of the information gained from the study of this event will result in the saving of lives when the nextearthquake strikes in this highly seismic region. purpose: To provide long-term scientific data stewardship for the Nation's geophysical data, ensuring quality, integrity, and accessibility. credit: Patricia Lockridge status: (MD_ProgressCode) completed pointOfContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact resourceMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) notPlanned graphicOverview: (MD_BrowseGraphic) fileName: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/icons/small_res/14/14_294.jpg fileDescription: Typical Iranian concrete frame construction with brick infill. As in past earthquakes, nonductile concrete-frame buildings performed poorly, and unreinforced masonry infill construction was most vulnerable to earthquake damage. fileType: JPEG descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Earth Science > Solid Earth > Seismology > Earthquake Occurrences keyword: Earth Science > Solid Earth > Tectonics > Faults type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: NASA/GCMD Earth Science Keywords date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Photo keyword: Natural Hazard type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Uncontrolled Keywords date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: WDC/MGG, BOULDER > World Data Center for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Boulder keyword: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: NASA/GCMD Data Center Keywords date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Asia > Iran > Gilan > Rudbar type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) place thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names date: resourceConstraints: (MD_LegalConstraints) accessConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions useConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions otherConstraints: Access Constraints: None Use Constraints: None Distribution Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. language: eng; USA topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) geoscientificInformation extent: (EX_Extent) geographicElement: (EX_GeographicBoundingBox) westBoundLongitude: 49.24 eastBoundLongitude: 49.24 southBoundLatitude: 36.48 northBoundLatitude: 36.48 temporalElement: (EX_TemporalExtent) extent: TimePeriod: description: Publication Date beginPosition: 1990-06-21 endPosition: 1990-06-30 return to top contentInfo: return to top distributionInfo: (MD_Distribution) distributionFormat: (MD_Format) name: TIFF version: distributionFormat: (MD_Format) name: TIFF version: distributor: (MD_Distributor) distributorContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: User Services organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-6826 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: ngdc.info@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain role: (CI_RoleCode) distributor distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess) fees: $25.00 plus handling plus shipping outside the USA orderingInstructions: Non-Digital Form: 35 mm slides:Earthquake Damage, Northern Iran, June 20, 1990 Ordering Instructions: Product may be ordered via the online store: http://ols.nndc.noaa.gov/plolstore/plsql/olstore.prodspecific?prodnum=G01207-SLI-A0001 Custom Order Process: Contact Data Center turnaround: 4 Days distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess) fees: Free orderingInstructions: Ordering Instructions: Product may be downloaded via: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=14&t=101634&s=0&d=4&d=44 Custom Order Process: Contact Data Center turnaround: None distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess) fees: $25.00 plus handling and shipping outside the USA orderingInstructions: Ordering Instructions: Product may be ordered via our online store: http://ols.nndc.noaa.gov/plolstore/plsql/olstore.prodspecific?prodnum=G01268-CDR-A0001 Custom Order Process: Contact Data Center turnaround: 4 Days transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=14&t=101634&s=0&d=4&d=44 onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=14&t=101634&s=0&d=4&d=44 transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) offLine: (MD_Medium) name: (MD_MediumNameCode) cdRom mediumFormat: (MD_MediumFormatCode) iso9660 return to top metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: maintenanceNote: This metadata was automatically generated from the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata: Extensions for Remote Sensing Metadata standard version FGDC-STD-012-2002 using the June 2011 version of the FGDC RSE to ISO 19115-2 transform. The Spatial Reference Information is not currently mapped over to ISO but will be mapped in future versions. contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian |
