gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.photos:G01216DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (comp)1994Seismic creep is the constant or periodic movement on a fault as contrasted with the sudden erupture associated with an earthquake. It is a usually slow deformation of rock resulting from constant stress being applied over a period of time. Sometimes a seismic slip is observed at the ground surface along a ruptured fault that has produced a substantial earthquake. Examples are from the Hollister and Hayward, California, region. Several of the slides are split images of a location, comparing fault movement over the years. Seismic creep is the constant or periodic movement on a fault as contrasted with the sudden rupture associated with an earthquake. It is a usually slow deformation of rock resulting from constant stress being applied over a period of time. Active faults exhibit a variety of deformational phenomena; the most obvious is earthquake slip. In addition, faults may continue to move after an earthquake occurs (after slip), move slowly over time in the absence of earthquake activity (fault creep), or move slowly as pressure builds before an earthquake (pre-seismic slip). Fault creep may be constant over time, or the motion may alternate between periods of slow and relatively rapid movement. Usually, such episodes of fault slip are a seismic-that is, they are not accompanied by local earthquakes. The characteristics of the fault itself and the total mechanical system that produces the fault movement are the major factors determining the type of creep. As more information is acquired about the fault itself and about the stresses upon it, interpretations are made about movement along that fault, including creep. Fault creep (horizontal fault slippage) has been identified on a number of faults around the world including the north Anatolian fault at Ismetpasa in Turkey, along the Jordan Valley rift in Israel, and the Hayward, San Andreas, and Calaveras faults in California. Sometimes a seismic slip is observed at the ground surface along a ruptured fault that has produced a substantial earthquake. For example, along the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California, offsets of road pavement increased by a few centimeters in the days following the June 27, 1966, earthquake. Such continued adjustment of the crustal rock after the initial major offset may be caused partly by the minor slips that produce aftershocks. They may also result from the yielding of the weaker surface rocks and gouge in the fault zone as they accommodate to theadjusted tectonic forces in the region. Seismic creep, when it occurs in developed areas, may result in structural damage. Creep has damaged the huge concrete-lined water tunnel from the Sierra Nevada that brings water to cities on the east of San Francisco Bay. It has damaged Berkeley Memorial Stadium at the University of California and the Almaden Cienega Winery near Hollister. The tunnel and the stadium straddle the active Hayward fault which is undergoing right-lateral slip at the rate of 2 to 5 millimeters a year. When the tunnel was drained in 1966, cracks several centimeters across were discovered. These encircled the concrete lining where the tunnel and fault zone intersect. A concrete drainage culvert under the stadium shows considerable cracking where it crosses the Hayward fault trace; instruments that were placed across the cracks in 1966 show that the right-lateral slipcontinues to occur. Obviously, faults should be avoided when considering locations for man-made structures. When utility lines, roads, and railroads must be laid across active faults, they should have jointed or flexible sections within the fault zone. Slides for this set were provided by Joe Dellinger, AMOCO TTC 1F10, 4502 E. 41st, Tulsa, OK 74135, and by Dr. Sue Ellen Hirschfeld, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Hayward, CA 94542-3088. Their slides are in the public domain, copyright-free. Dr. Eduard Berg asks that you contact him personally if you intend to reproduce his slides. He may be reached at: University of Hawaii, Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822.Make available Damage Photos for research and education1966120019931200UnknownCompletenotPlanned-122.18-121.2437.5736.51NASA/GCMD Earth Science KeywordsEARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > EntrainmentEARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > ErosionEARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > WeatheringEARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Tectonics > FaultsINFOTERRA Keyword ThesaurusINFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > LandslidesINFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Faults > FaultsINFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activityNASA/GCMD Data Center KeywordsWDC/MGG, BOULDER > World Data Center for Marine Geology and Geophysics, BoulderDOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of CommerceNASA/GCMD Location KeywordsGlobalRestriction Code: otherRestrictions; DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of CommerceHeather McCulloughphysical and mailing NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC1 325 Broadway BoulderCO80305-3328303.497.6277Heather.McCullough@noaa.govUnknown 20110406Heather McCulloughDOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commercemailing and physical NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway BoulderCO80305-3328(303) 497-3707Heather.McCullough@noaa.govContent Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata: Extensions for Remote Sensing MetadataFGDC-STD-012-2002