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Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: June 1991 EruptionsidentificationInfocontentInfo distributionInfo dataQualityInfo metadataMaintenance |
| (MI_Metadata) fileIdentifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.photos:G01227 language: eng; USA characterSet: (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8 hierarchyLevel: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode)http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode dateStamp: 2011-04-06 metadataStandardName: ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data metadataStandardVersion: ISO 19115-2:2009(E) return to top identificationInfo: (MD_DataIdentification) citation: (CI_Citation) title: Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: June 1991 Eruptions date: (CI_Date) date: 1994 dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication edition: First identifier: (MD_Identifier) code: Document citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (comp) role: (CI_RoleCode) originator citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty) organisationName: National Geophysical Data Center contactInfo: (CI_Contact) address: (CI_Address) city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO role: (CI_RoleCode) publisher presentationForm: abstract: Mount Pinatubo is an andesitic island arc volcano, located on the southern Luzon Island, Philippines. Prior to 1991 it had been dormant for more than 635 years. On April 2, 1991, the volcano, which had been rumbling for months, stirred to life with an explosion. The next two and a half months were marked by generally increasing volcanic and seismic activity at the site. On June 15, a cataclysmic eruption began with a tremendous explosion. This slide set shows the early stages of the eruption phase, the cataclysmic eruption of June 15, and the effects and aftermath of the eruption. Subsequent calamities caused by the ash, pyroclastic flows, mud flows, and flooding are also depicted. The hornblende andesite dacit dome complex is located 100 km northwest of Manila. When the dormant volcano last erupted more than 635 years ago, it produced pyroclastic flows that filled the Marella River Valley. On April 2, 1991, the volcano, which had been rumbling for months, stirred to life with an explosion at the east end of a geothermal area. After the explosion, a line of new fumaroles roughly one kilometer long developed. Over the next six weeks several very small earth tremors and minor explosions occurred. By June 3, seismic activity had increased dramatically. Four days later a dome appeared on the mountain, oozing molten rock. On June 10, 15,000 Americans were evacuated from Clark Air Base (located approximately 12 km southeast of Pinatubo); essential personnel stayed behind. On June 12, a tephra column rose to about 20 km. By June 14, 55,000 people had been evacuated from villages within a 12-mile radius of Pinatubo. Then at dawn, just before 6:00 A.M. on June 15, 1991, acataclysmic eruption began with a tremendous explosion. The eruption destroyed ten deserted villages and earthquakes shook surrounding towns. The towering plume of Mt. Pinatubo soared an astonishing 40 km into the atmosphere. Snow-like ash fell in Manila, 100 km to the South. Locally, the ash blocked out the sun. Searing gas, ash, and molten rocks (pyroclastics) raced down the lush northern and western slopes of the volcano. The high velocity and low density of the flows allowed them to drain off the steep slopes immediately around the crater. These pyroclastic flows, together with heavy rains, later produced mudflows and landslides on all flanks of the volcano. After a typhoon on July 18, lahars (hot mudflows) as deep as three meters along rivers east of the volcano buried sections of some towns. The filling of river channels and ruptures of dikes caused lahars as wide as 4 km. Mudflows five meters high rushed through the streets of Concepcion, sweeping away several people. By July 26, 100,000 homes had been crushed or buried. When the rain fell on the ash-covered roofs, many collapsed, resulting in more deaths. On August 20, more than two months following the major eruption, the largest of the mudflows resulted in thirty-one casualties. One pyroclastic flow made a dam behind which a lake formed. On September 7, the dam ruptured causing muddy flash floods that destroyed 800 homes and killed seven. Flooding and mudflows caused twelve more deaths on September 15. The eruptions at Mount Pinatubo and the aftermath events killed 722 people. Of these, 358 deaths were attributed to disease that broke out in the evacuation camps, 281 to the initial eruption, and 83 to mudflows. Additionally, 184 people were injured and 23 were reported missing. More than 108,000 houses were partially or totally damaged. The event left more than 200,000 people homeless, destroyed businesses, and ruined Clark Air Base. About 20,000 Americans were evacuated from Subic Bay Naval Station to the United States after Subic Bay was extensively damaged. Besides local damage, Pinatubo ejected huge quantities of particles into the global wind system in the stratosphere to heights exceeding 30 km. These particles affect the weather in two ways. Tiny aerosol droplets reflect sunlight away from Earth's surface. A maximum global cooling of about 1.5 degrees C has been observed and is gradually diminishing. In addition, the aerosols from the eruption help reactivate inert chlorine molecules drifting in cold clouds in the stratosphere. In sunlight, these chlorine molecules combine with oxygen molecules in the ozone layer reducing its density. Until the ozone regenerates, it cannot effectively shield that portion of Earth from the sun. The aerosol increase may cause a 15% reduction in mid-latitude ozone. Preliminary measurements suggest that Pinatubo was one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th Century. The threat of more destruction continues. The combination of rains and loose pyroclastic materials, sediment-filled channels, area seismicity, and small ash and steam explosions will continue to make the area dangerous for years to come. On the positive side, volcanic deposits have enriched the soil on the plains around Pinatubo. purpose: Make available Damage Photos for research and education credit: Patricia Lockridge status: (MD_ProgressCode) completed pointOfContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact resourceMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) notPlanned graphicOverview: (MD_BrowseGraphic) fileName: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/icons/small_res/34/34_686.jpg fileDescription: The first major eruption of Pinatubo on June 12, 1991; view to the west from Clark Air Base. Pyroclastic flows (clouds of ash and steam) advanced 5-15 km down the north, northwest, and southwest flanks of the volcano. Most of the remaining personnel at Clark Air Base were evacuated along with thousands of people at nearby Angeles City. However, personnel returned to Clark Air Base within a few hours of the start of this first eruption, as winds had blown the volcanic ash south of the base. fileType: JPEG descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Eruption Dynamics keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Lava keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Magma keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Pyroclastics keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Volcanic Ash/Dust type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: NASA/GCMD Earth Science Keywords date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activity keyword: INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Volcanoes > Volcanoes type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: INFOTERRA Keyword Thesaurus date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: WDC/MGG, BOULDER > World Data Center for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Boulder keyword: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: NASA/GCMD Data Center Keywords date: descriptiveKeywords: (MD_Keywords) keyword: Asia > Philippines > Zambales > Pinatubo, Mount keyword: Asia > Philippines > Luzon Island type: (MD_KeywordTypeCode) place thesaurusName: (CI_Citation) title: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names date: resourceConstraints: (MD_LegalConstraints) accessConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions useConstraints: (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions otherConstraints: Access Constraints: None Use Constraints: None Distribution Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. aggregationInfo: (MD_AggregateInformation) aggregateDataSetIdentifier: (MD_Identifier) authority: (CI_Citation) title: Container Packet ID date: code: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.photos:G01143 associationType: (DS_AssociationTypeCode) language: eng; USA topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) geoscientificInformation extent: (EX_Extent) geographicElement: (EX_GeographicBoundingBox) westBoundLongitude: 120.35 eastBoundLongitude: 120.35 southBoundLatitude: 15.13 northBoundLatitude: 15.13 temporalElement: (EX_TemporalExtent) extent: TimePeriod: description: Publication Date beginPosition: 1991-04-00 endPosition: 1991-08-00 return to top contentInfo: return to top distributionInfo: (MD_Distribution) distributionFormat: (MD_Format) name: TIFF version: distributionFormat: (MD_Format) name: TIFF version: distributor: (MD_Distributor) distributorContact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: User Services organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-6826 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: ngdc.info@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain role: (CI_RoleCode) distributor distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess) fees: Free download of images orderingInstructions: Ordering Instructions: Images may be downloaded via: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=34&t=101634&s=0&d=4&d=44 Custom Order Process: Contact Data Center turnaround: None distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess) fees: $25.00 plus handling orderingInstructions: Ordering Instructions: Product may be ordered from the online store via: http://ols.nndc.noaa.gov/plolstore/plsql/olstore.prodspecific?prodnum=G01268-CDR-A0001 Custom Order Process: Contact Data Center turnaround: 4 Days transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) transferSize: Real: 24788 onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=34&t=101634&s=0&d=4&d=44 onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/ onLine: (CI_OnlineResource) linkage: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=34&t=101634&s=0&d=4&d=44 transferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions) offLine: (MD_Medium) name: (MD_MediumNameCode) cdRom mediumFormat: (MD_MediumFormatCode) iso9660 return to top dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality) scope: report: (DQ_CompletenessCommission) evaluationMethodDescription: None result: report: (DQ_CompletenessOmission) evaluationMethodDescription: None result: report: (DQ_ConceptualConsistency) measureDescription: None result: lineage: (LI_Lineage) processStep: (LI_ProcessStep) description: As of the end of March 2006, this slide set is no longer available for purchase. The Data Center is not reproducing 35mm slides any longer.Images are available for free download or on a cdrom.The SOP of the 35mm slides is being removed from this metadata record dateTime: processor: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: 303.497.6277 facsimile: 303.497.6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC1 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode) processor return to top metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation) maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: maintenanceNote: This metadata was automatically generated from the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata: Extensions for Remote Sensing Metadata standard version FGDC-STD-012-2002 using the June 2011 version of the FGDC RSE to ISO 19115-2 transform. The Spatial Reference Information is not currently mapped over to ISO but will be mapped in future versions. contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty) individualName: Heather McCullough organisationName: DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce contactInfo: (CI_Contact) phone: (CI_Telephone) voice: (303) 497-3707 facsimile: (303) 497-6513 address: (CI_Address) deliveryPoint: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC3 325 Broadway city: Boulder administrativeArea: CO postalCode: 80305-3328 country: USA electronicMailAddress: Heather.McCullough@noaa.gov hoursOfService: 7:30 - 5:00 Mountain contactInstructions: Contact Data Center role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian |
