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Metadata Identifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.stp.solar:solar-imagery_chromosphere_calcium
MD_DataIdentification
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Photographs of the Sun in Calcium II K - Chromospheric Observations
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This dataset consists of full-disk images of the sun in Calcium (Ca) II K
wavelength (393.4 nm). Ca II K imagery reveal magnetic structures of the sun
from about 500 to 2000 km above the photosphere that are not evident in white light
images. The chromosphere is an extremely dynamic layer of the sun consisting of a
mixture of hot ionized plasma and cool gas. The presence of calcium
ions in the chromospheric (along with other ions such as helium and hydrogen) lead
to the absorption of radiant emission from the sun. The Ca II K absorption
lines are extremely sensitive to local magnetic fields wherein the presence of stronger
magnetic fields results in less absorption (brighter features) than
weaker fields (more absorption = darker features). Unique features of the chromosphere
evident in Ca II K are plage, pores, supergranulation cells and the
chromospheric network. Also observed in Ca II K are solar features typically discussed
in the context of the photosphere, including sunspots and faculae. Sunspots
in photospheric observations appear as dark regions due to the cooler temperatures
(~3000 oK) of the overlying gas compared to the surrounding solar surface (~5500 oK).
Although sunspots are regions of intense solar magnetic activity (i.e. less absorption),
the lack of radiant emissions from the underlying photosphere results in chromospheric
sunspot regions that remain darker than the surrounding sun. Faculae, on the other
hand, are brighter regions in chromospheric observations which result from the concentration
of magnetic field lines between solar granules (solar convection cells).
Closely associated with faculae are bright areas of chromospheric plage, also referred
to as floccule, within solar active regions that are associated with
sunspot formation. Solar pores are actually small sunspots that have not yet formed
(and may never form) into the standard picture of a dark central umbra
surrounded by a somewhat brighter penumbra. Supergranulation cells are large regions
of convective horizontal flows (larger than individual granules) wherein
solar material and an embedded magnetic field flow radially outward from the center
and downward at the outer boundaries causing the web-like appearance of the chromospheric
network structure.
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SV_Identification
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Calcium (Ca) II K photographs: McMath |
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Calcium (Ca) II K photographs: Meudon |
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Calcium (Ca) II K photographs: Mt Wilson |
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Collection included as a part of the NGDC Official Archive. |
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NASA/GCMD Data Center Keywords; Olsen, L.M., G. Major, K. Shein, J. Scialdone, R.
Vogel, S. Leicester, H. Weir, S. Ritz, T. Stevens, M. Meaux, C.Solomon, R. Bilodeau,
M. Holland, T. Northcutt, R. A. Restrepo, 2007 . NASA/Global Change Master Directory
(GCMD) Earth Science Keywords. Version 6.0.0.0.0.
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NASA/GCMD Earth Science Keywords; Olsen, L.M., G. Major, K. Shein, J. Scialdone, R.
Vogel, S. Leicester, H. Weir, S. Ritz, T. Stevens, M. Meaux, C.Solomon, R. Bilodeau,
M. Holland, T. Northcutt, R. A. Restrepo, 2007 . NASA/Global Change Master Directory
(GCMD) Earth Science Keywords. Version 6.0.0.0.0.
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NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords; Olsen, L.M., G. Major, K. Shein, J. Scialdone, R. Vogel,
S. Leicester, H. Weir, S. Ritz, T. Stevens, M. Meaux, C.Solomon, R. Bilodeau, M. Holland,
T. Northcutt, R. A. Restrepo, 2007 . NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth
Science Keywords. Version 6.0.0.0.0.
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NASA/GCMD Location Keywords; Olsen, L.M., G. Major, K. Shein, J. Scialdone, R. Vogel,
S. Leicester, H. Weir, S. Ritz, T. Stevens, M. Meaux, C.Solomon, R. Bilodeau, M. Holland,
T. Northcutt, R. A. Restrepo, 2007 . NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth
Science Keywords. Version 6.0.0.0.0.
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NASA/GCMD Platform Keywords; Olsen, L.M., G. Major, K. Shein, J. Scialdone, R. Vogel,
S. Leicester, H. Weir, S. Ritz, T. Stevens, M. Meaux, C.Solomon, R. Bilodeau, M. Holland,
T. Northcutt, R. A. Restrepo, 2007 . NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth
Science Keywords. Version 6.0.0.0.0.
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NASA/GCMD Project Keywords; Olsen, L.M., G. Major, K. Shein, J. Scialdone, R. Vogel,
S. Leicester, H. Weir, S. Ritz, T. Stevens, M. Meaux, C.Solomon, R. Bilodeau, M. Holland,
T. Northcutt, R. A. Restrepo, 2007 . NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth
Science Keywords. Version 6.0.0.0.0
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Photographs of the Sun in Calcium II K - Chromospheric Observations |
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solarImagery_Chromosphere_Corona |
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DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical
Data Center, National Environmental Satellite,
Data, and Information Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of
Commerce
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resourceProvider |
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Daily solar photographs in Calcium-II K (393.4 nm) provided by various solar observatorys.
See item 3 under "How was the data set created?"
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originator |
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Dr. Harold McAlister, Director |
Mount Wilson Observatory |
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hal@chara.gsu.edu |
resourceProvider |
http://www.mtwilson.edu/ |
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McMath-Hulbert Solar Observatory |
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unknown |
resourceProvider |
http://www.mcmathhulbert.org/ |
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Observatoire de Paris ? Site de Meudon |
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unknown |
resourceProvider |
http://www.obspm.fr/presentation.en.shtml |
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William Denig |
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA,
U.S. Department of Commerce
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solar.ngdc@noaa.gov |
pointOfContact |
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William Denig |
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department
of Commerce
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solar.ngdc@noaa.gov |
distributor |
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/spaceweather.html |
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William Denig |
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS,
NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
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solar.ngdc@noaa.gov |
custodian |
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William Denig |
NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC E/GC2 325 Broadway |
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solar.ngdc@noaa.gov |
processor |
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http://www.mcmathhulbert.org/ |
McMath Solar Observatory |
The McMath-Hulbert Solar Observatory is a decommissioned solar observatory in Lake
Angelus, Michigan, USA. It was established in 1929 as a private observatory by father
and son Francis Charles McMath and Robert Raynolds McMath and their friend, Judge
Henry Hulbert. In 1932 the observatory was deeded to the University of Michigan which
operated it until 1981, at which time it was sold into private ownership again. In
1932 a 10.5-inch (270 mm) reflector telescope was added to the observatory as well
as a spectroheliokinematograph {spectro-helio-kine-mato-graph}. This instrument was
designed to take motion pictures of the Sun. The McMath-Hulbert Solar Observatory
is primarily known for the motion pictures that the McMaths made of various celestial
phenomena, including the first movies of solar prominences in motion. Later work involved
solar spectroscopy in the near infrared and participation in a solar flare patrol
program in the 1950s. Robert McMath and one of the resident astronomers, Keith Pierce,
established the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak Observatory near Tucson,
Arizona in 1962. (Wikipedia)
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http://www.mtwilson.edu/ |
Mount Wilson Observatory |
The Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO) is an astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County,
California, United States. The MWO is located on Mount Wilson, a 5,715-foot (1,742
m) peak in the San Gabriel Mountains near Pasadena, northeast of Los Angeles. The
observatory contains two historically important telescopes: the 60 inches (1.5 m)
Hale telescope built in 1908, and the 100 inches (2.5 m) Hooker telescope, which was
the largest telescope in the world from its completion in 1917 until 1948. Due to
the inversion layer that traps smog over Los Angeles, Mount Wilson has naturally steadier
air than any other location in North America, making it ideal for astronomy and in
particular for interferometry.[1] The increasing light pollution due to the growth
of greater Los Angeles has limited the ability of the observatory to engage in deep
space astronomy, but it remains a productive center, with many new and old instruments
in use for astronomical research. The observatory was conceived and founded by George
Ellery Hale, who had built the 40 inches (1.0 m) telescope at the Yerkes Observatory.
The Mount Wilson Solar Observatory was first funded by the Carnegie Institution of
Washington in 1904, leasing the land from the owners of the Mount Wilson Hotel in
1904. Among the conditions of the lease was that it allow public access. (Wikipedia)
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http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/spaceweather.html |
Space Weather |
Numerous datasets pertaining to space and solar environments (space weather). |
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http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/stp.html |
Solar and Terrestrial Physics Division, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC/STP) |
Numerous space environmental datasets are available at the NGDC/STP website |
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http://www.obspm.fr/presentation.en.shtml |
Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon |
Established in 1667, the Observatoire de Paris is the largest national centre for
research in astronomy. It counts among its staff thirty per cent of all French astronomers,
who carry out research in the institution's seven laboratories. Located in the Paris,
Meudon and Nan?ay sites, these are joint research units with the CNRS and often with
major scientific universities in the Paris region.
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solarImagery_Chromosphere_Corona |
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Bounding Box |
Temporal Extent |
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Data provided by various solar observatories located worldwide. Data record range
is from 1915 to 2011.
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-180 |
180 |
90 |
-90 |
1915-08-09 |
2012-12-31 |
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2009-10-01 |
2010-09-30 |
| 1 |
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1948-01-01 |
1979-12-31 |
| 1 |
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2007-01-01 |
2011-12-31 |
| 1 |
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1915-01-01 |
1984-12-31 |
| 1 |
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1915-08-09 |
2012-12-31 |
| 1 |
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2009-10-01 |
2010-09-30 |
| 1 |
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1948-01-01 |
1979-12-31 |
| 1 |
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2007-01-01 |
2011-12-31 |
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1915-01-01 |
1984-12-31 |
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JPG |
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Some data provided in Joint Photographic Experts Group (jpg). format. |
| 1 |
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Daily solar photographs in Calcium-II K (393.4 nm). |
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| 1 |
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Dataset includes a variety of solar photographic images provided by various solar
observatories.
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| 1 |
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| 1 |
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Calcium (Ca) II K photographs: McMath |
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| 1 |
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Calcium (Ca) II K photographs: Meudon |
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| 1 |
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Calcium (Ca) II K photographs: Mt Wilson |
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| 1 |
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Collection included as a part of the NGDC Official
Archive.
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2011-01-01 |
The NOAA Solar and Terrestrial Physics Division
is responsible for managing this collection.
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| 1 |
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Film records professionally digitized through the NOAA Climate Data
Modernization Program (CDMP).
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| 1 |
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2011-12-31T00:00:00 |
Some original film records were digitized through the NOAA Climate
Data Modernization Program (CDMP).
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