Fedorova I.T., Y.A. Volkova, and D.L. Varlyguin. 1993. Legend to the World Vegetation Cover Map. Translated from Russian by Dmitry L. Varlyguin. ================================================== NORTHERN EXTRATROPICAL VEGETATION Arctic 1 Polar deserts Patches of vegetation dominated by foliose and crustose lichens, mosses and infrequent flowering plants 1.01 Barents Lichens: gg. Pertusaria, Ochrolechia; with Cerastium arcticum, C. alpinum, Draba norvegica 1.02 Severnaya Zemlya Lichens: Toninia lobulata; with Saxifraga serpyllifolia, Novosieversia glacialis, Androsace triflora 1.03 Greenland - North Canadian Sparse mosses, lichens; with Saxifraga oppositifolia, Draba subcapitata Arctic and Subarctic 2 Arctic tundra Herb - dwarf shrub - moss 2.01 Novaya Zemlya - Central Siberian Carex ensifolia, Dryas octopetala, D. punctata, Salix nummularia, Hylocomium alaskanum, g. Dicranum 2.02 East Siberian Alopecurus alpinus, Dryas punctata, Salix polaris, S. nummularia, Aulacomnium turgidum, Hylocomium alaskanum Dwarf shrub - lichen and/or herb - dwarf shrub 2.02 Greenland - North Canadian Dryas integrifolia, Cassiope tetragona, Kobresia myosuroides, Cladina mitis, Alectoria nitidula Subarctic 3 Northern (Typical) tundra Dwarf shrub - herb - moss and/or dwarf shrub - lichen 3.01 East European - West Siberian Carex ensifolia, Salix nummularia, Dryas octopetala, Tomenthypnum nitens, gg. Aulacomnium, Cladina; with Betula nana 3.02 Central Siberian - East Siberian Carex ensifolia, Cassiope tetragona, Dryas punctata, Tomenthypnum nitens, Aulacomnium turgidum, Hylocomium alaskanum; with Salix pulchra, Betula exilis 3.03 East Siberian - Chukchi Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum decumbens, Hylocomium alaskanum; with Salix pulchra, Betula exilis 3.04 Greenland - North Canadian Cassiope tetragona, Aulacomnium turgidum, Drepanocladus uncinatus; with Betula nana, Salix glauca 4 Southern tundra Shrub, Dwarf shrub, and Tussock cottongrass 4.01 North Atlantic Betula nana, Chamaepericlymenum suecicum, Carex bigelowii, Empetrum hermaphroditum 4.02 East European - West Siberian Betula nana, Salix glauca, S. lanata, S. lapponum, S. phylicifolia, Carex globularis 4.03 Central Siberian - Taymyr Betula exilis, Carex ensifolia; with Duschekia fruticosa 4.04 Okhotsk Eriophorum vaginatum, Ledum decumbens; with Betula exilis, Duschekia fruticosa 4.05 North Canadian Empetrum hermaphroditum, Arctous alpina, Betula glandulosa Mountain vegetation in Subarctic climate 5 Sparse communities of mosses, lichens, and infrequent flowering plants 5.01 North Siberian - North Canadian mosses: g. Rhacomitrium, lichens: gg. Rhizocarpon, Lecanora, Lecidea Subarctic - Boreal 6 Pre-tundra Forest-tundra with sparse and crooked trees 6.01 North Atlantic Betula czerepanovii; with Pinus sylvestris 6.02 North European Picea obovata 6.03 Siberian Larix sibirica, L. gmelinii, L. cajanderi 6.04 North Canadian Picea glauca, P. mariana, Larix laricina Oceanic tall grass meadows with sparse birth groves 6.05 North Atlantic Lerchenfeldia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Betula czerepanovii Oceanic tall grass meadows 6.06 Beringian Deschampsia beringensis, Festuca rubra, Calamagrostis langsdorfii Boreal 7 Northern taiga 7.01 North European Picea abies, P. obovata, Betula pubescens, B. czerepanovii 7.02 West Siberian Picea obovata, Larix sibirica, Pinus sibirica, P. sylvestris 7.03 Central Siberian Larix gmelinii 7.04 East Siberian Larix cajanderi 7.05 Canadian - Labradorian Picea mariana, P. glauca, Larix laricina, Abies balsamea 8 Central taiga 8.01 North European Picea abies, P. obovata 8.02 West Siberian Picea obovata, Pinus sibirica, Abies sibirica, in places - Pinus sylvestris 8.03 Central Siberian Larix sibirica, Pinus sylvestris 8.04 Central Siberian - East Siberian Larix gmelinii 8.05 Canadian Picea glauca, P. mariana, Abies balsamea, Larix laricina, Pinus banksiana 9 Southern taiga 9.01 North European Picea abies 9.02 West Siberian Abies sibirica, Picea obovata, Pinus sibirica, in places - Pinus sylvestris 9.03 Central Siberian Pinus sylvestris, Larix sibirica 9.04 Southeast Siberian Larix gmelinii 9.05 West Canadian Picea glauca, Pinus contorta; with Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera, Salix bebbiana 9.06 East Canadian Picea rubens, P. glauca, Abies fraseri, Abies balsamea; with Betula lutea, Acer saccharum 10 Subtaiga Small-leaved and Mixed coniferous - broadleaved forests 10.01 Central European Picea abies, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata 10.02 Ural Picea abies, Abies sibirica, Tilia cordata, Ulmus glabra 10.03 West Siberian Betula pendula, Populus tremula 10.04 Central Canadian Populus tremuloides, P. deltoides, P. balsamifera 10.05 Laurentian Picea glauca, P. mariana, Tsuga canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Quercus rubra, Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa Mountain vegetation in Boreal climate 11 Taiga 11.01 North Atlantic Picea abies 11.02 Alaskan Picea glauca, P. mariana 11.03 East Pacific Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla, Pinus ponderosa, P. edulis, P. contorta 11.04 North Cordilleran Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, A. grandis, Picea engelmannii 12 Open and dwarf woodlands near the timber-line 12.01 Central Siberian Larix gmelinii, Betula exilis 12.02 East Siberian Larix cajanderi, Pinus pumila 12.03 West Pacific Pinus pumila 13 Small-leaved forests 13.01 Kamchatkan Betula ermanii 14 Tundra 14.01 North Atlantic Empetrum hermaphroditum; with Carex bigelowii, Phyllodoce coerulea, Salix herbacea 14.02 North Ural Dryas octopetala, Carex ensifolia; with Lagotis minor, Festuca supina, Hedysarum arcticum 14.03 Siberian Dryas punctata, D. oxyodonta, D. octopetala 14.04 Alaskan Dryas ajanensis, D. integrifolia, Cassiope stelleriana, Phyllodoce aleutica Altitudinal series in Boreal climate 15 Taiga - High-Mountain tundra 15.01 Ural - Siberian Picea obovata, Abies sibirica, Pinus sibirica - Betula nana, B. humilis, Dryas punctata, D. octopetala 15.02 South Siberian Larix sibirica - Betula rotundifolia, Dryas oxyodonta 15.03 South Siberian - Far Eastern Larix gmelinii, Pinus pumila - Betula exilis, Dryas punctata Subboreal 16 Mesophytic forests Broadleaved deciduous (nemoral) forests 16.01 Atlantic Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Fraxinus excelsior, in places - Fagus sylvatica, in the south - Castanea sativa 16.02 Central European - South European Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, in the south - Quercus cerris, Q. frainetto 16.03 East European Quercus robur, Tilia cordata 16.04 Manchurian Quercus mongolica 16.05 Japanese Fagus crenata 16.06 North American Fagus grandifolia, Quercus montana, Q. alba, Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Ulmus americana 17 Forest-steppes Meadow steppes and Steppe meadows with Broadleaved forests 17.01 Pannonian Festuca valesiaca, Stipa lessingiana; with Quercus pubescens, Q. robur, Q. pedunculiflora, Acer tataricum 17.02 East European Festuca valesiaca, Stipa pennata, S. tirsa, Carex humilis; with Quercus robur 17.03 Ural Stipa tirsa, S. pennata, S. korshinskyi; with Quercus robur, Tilia cordata 17.04 West Siberian Stipa tirsa, Helictotrichon desertorum, Carex pediformis; with Betula pendula, Populus tremula 17.05 Khingan Filifolium sibiricum; with Betula platyphylla, Armeniaca sibirica 17.06 Manchurian Stipa baicalensis; with Quercus mongolica, Corylus heterophylla Meadow steppes and Steppe meadows with Broadleaved and Small-leaved forests 17.07 South Canadian Festuca scabrella, Stipa spartea, Koeleria macrantha; with Populus tremuloides Meadow steppes and Steppe meadows with Broadleaved forests 17.08 North American Andropogon gerardii; with Quercus macrocarpa, Q. rubra, Acer saccharum 18 Herb - bunchgrass steppes and Prairies 18.01 Black Sea Stipa tirsa, S. pulcherrima, S. ucrainica, Paeonia tenuifolia, Salvia stepposa 18.02 Trans-Volgan - North Kazakh Stipa zalesskii, S. korshinskyi, Helictotrichon desertorum, Peucedanum morisonii 18.03 Daurian - Manchurian Stipa baicalensis, Leymus chinensis, Filifolium sibiricum 18.04 North American Festuca scabrella, Helictotrichon hookeri, Agropyron subsecundum, Stipa spartea 19 Typical bunchgrass steppes and Prairies 19.01 Black Sea Stipa ucrainica, S. lessingiana, S. capillata 19.02 Trans-Volgan - Kazakh Stipa lessingiana, S. capillata, S. korshinskyi 19.03 Mongolian - North Chinese Stipa krylovii, S. grandis, Cleistogenes squarrosa 19.04 Missouri Plateau Agropyron smithii, Stipa spartea, Agropyron dasystachium, Stipa comata, Poa secunda 19.05 Central Plains Koeleria macrantha, Stipa spartea, g. Bouteloua, Agropyron dasystachium 20 Semideserts Dwarf shrub - grass and grass - dwarf shrub 20.01 Caspian - West Kazakh Stipa lessingiana, S. sareptana, Artemisia lerchiana 20.02 Central - East Kazakh Stipa sareptana, Artemisia gracilescens, A. sublessingiana 20.03 North Gobi Stipa gobica, S. glareosa, Anabasis brevifolia, Allium polyrhizum 20.04 East Gobi Stipa gobica, S. glareosa, Artemisia xerophytica, Caragana korshinskyi 20.05 Oregonian Agropyron spicatum, A. smithii, Festuca idahoensis, Artemisia tridentata, A. nova 21 Deserts Dwarf shrub 21.01 West - North Turanian Anabasis salsa, Artemisia terrae-albae Dwarf shrub, shrub, dwarf tree 21.02 East - North Turanian Salsola arbusculiformis, Artemisia terrae-albae, A. turanica, Haloxylon persicum, H. aphyllum 21.03 Dzungarian Nanophyton erinaceum, Anabasis truncata, A. elatior, Haloxylon persicum, H. ammodendron 21.04 Gobi Anabasis brevifolia, Haloxylon ammodendron Dwarf shrub 21.05 Ala Shan - Ordos Salsola passerina, Potaninia mongolica, Artemisia sphaerocephala Dwarf shrub, shrub 21.06 Nevadan Artemisia tridentata, Eurotia lanata, Atriplex polycarpa, A. fruticulosa, Kochia californica, Ambrosia dumosa Mountain vegetation in Subboreal climate 22 Broadleaved deciduous forests 22.01 Manchurian - North Korean Quercus mongolica, gg. Tilia, Acer, Fraxinus 22.02 Japanese Quercus crispula, Fagus crenata 23 Mixed and Coniferous forests Coniferous-broadleaved forests 23.01 Manchurian Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophylla, Picea ajanensis Coniferous forests 23.02 Oregonian Pinus edulis, P. ponderosa, Picea glauca, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies concolor 23.03 Central Cordilleran Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, A. concolor, A. grandis, in places - Alpine Kobresia meadows: Kobresia myosuroides, Festuca idahoensis Altitudinal series in Subboreal climate 24 Broadleaved forests - Dark coniferous forests - Open woodlands and Subalpine meadows - Alpine meadows 24.01 Alps - Carpathian Quercus petraea, Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica - Abies alba, Picea abies - Pinus mugo, Larix decidua - Carex curvula, Festuca varia, Nardus stricta 25 Steppes - Broadleaved forests - Dark and Light coniferous forests - Open woodlands, Shrublands, and Subalpine meadows - Alpine meadows 25.01 North Caucasian Festuca valesiaca, Stipa tirsa, S. pennata, Carex humilis - Quercus petraea, Q. robur, Carpinus caucasica, Fagus orientalis - Abies normanniana, Picea orientalis - Betula litwinowii, Acer trautvetteri, Rhododendron caucasicum - Festuca woronowii 25.02 South Ural Stipa zalesskii, S. korshinskyi - Quercus robur, Tilia cordata - Pinus sylvestris (in places - Larix sibirica) 26 Steppes - High-Mountain Kobresia meadows 26.01 Hangay - Henteyn Festuca lenensis, Poa attenuata, Koeleria macrantha - Kobresia myosuroides, Carex stenocarpa 26.02 Mongol Altai Agropyron cristatum, Festuca lenensis, Poa attenuata - Kobresia myosuroides, Carex rupestris (in places - gg. Aconitum, Geranium, Alchemilla) 27 Semideserts - Steppes - Dark coniferous forests (can be absent) - High-Mountain meadows 27.01 North Tian Shan Artemisia sublessingiana, Stipa sareptana - Stipa capillata, Festuca valesiaca - Picea schrenkiana - gg. Geranium, Phlomis, Alchemilla Subboreal - Subtropical 28 Mesophytic forests Broadleaved deciduous forests with evergreen species 28.01 East Chinese Quercus variabilis, Q. acutissima, Liquidambar formosana, Platycaria strobilacea 28.02 South Korean Quercus serrata, Q. glauca 29 Hemixerophytic forests Broadleaved deciduous forests with evergreen species 29.01 North Mediterranean Quercus pubescens, Q. frainetto, Q. cerris, Q. polycarpa 29.02 Northeast Chinese Quercus aliena, Q. dentata, Pinus tabuliformis 29.03 North American Carya cordiformis, C. ovata, Quercus alba, Q. borealis, Q. schumardii 30 Grasslands Grass steppes with subtropical species 30.01 North Chinese Stipa bungeana, S. breviflora, Themeda triandra, Bothriochloa ischaemum Prairies with subtropical species 30.02 Great Plains Andropogon gerardii, A. scoparius, Panicum virgatum, Sorghastrum nutans, gg. Bouteloua, Sporobolus, Stipa leucotricha 30.03 Central Plains Stipa leucotricha, S. neomexicana, Bouteloua gracilis, Setaria leucopila, Aristida roemeriana Forest-steppes with subtropical species 30.04 Mississippian Stipa leucotricha, Andropogon hallii, Quescus alba, Q. nigra, Carya ovata 31 Deserts Dwarf shrub deserts with ephemeral (ephemerous and ephemeroid) species 31.01 Southwest Turanian Salsola gemmascens, Artemisia kemrudica Shrub, dwarf tree deserts with ephemeral (ephemerous and ephemeroid) species 31.02 South Turanian Haloxylon persicum, gg. Calligonum, Ammodendron, Carex physodes 32 Extremely arid deserts Absolute deserts (no vegetation) 32.01 Tarim Vegetation only in dry river-beds 32.02 Gobi Haloxylon ammodendron 32.03 Kashgar - Bei Shan Ephedra przewalskii, Nitraria sphaerocarpa, Zygophyllum xanthoxylon 32.04 Ala Shan Reaumuria songarica, Artemisia sphaerocephala Mountain vegetation in Subboreal - Subtropical climate 33 Broadleaved deciduous forests with evergreen species 33.01 Pyrenean Quercus pyrenaica, Q. rotundifolia, Pinus maritima 33.02 Appalachian Acer pennsylvanicum, A. spicatum, Fagus grandifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Halesia carolina Altitudinal series in Subboreal - Subtropical climate 34 Broadleaved deciduous forests with evergreen species - Nemoral broadleaved and coniferous-broadleaved forests - Coniferous forests - Open woodlands, Shrublands, and Subalpine meadows - Alpine meadows 34.01 Atlantic - West Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica, Q. rotundifolia, Q. faginea - Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba - Pinus sylvestris - Pinus uncinata, Juniperus nana - Carex curvula 34.02 Euxinian Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, in places Q. iberica, Carpinus caucasica - Fagus orientalis - Abies nordmanniana, Picea orientalis - Betula litwinowii, Acer trautvetteri - Festuca woronowii & Broadleaved deciduous forests with evergreen species - Nemoral broadleaved and coniferous-broadleaved forests 34.03 Elburz Quercus castaneifolia, Parrotia persica - Quercus iberica, Q. macranthera, Carpinus caucasica 35 Broadleaved forests with evergreen species - Nemoral broadleaved forests - Meadow steppes and Steppe meadows 35.01 Crimean Quercus pubescens, Q. petraea, Rhus pallasiana - Fagus orientalis, F. sylvatica, Carpinus betulus - Carex humilis, Stipa tirsa, Festuca callieri 36 Forest-steppes - Broadleaved forests 36.01 North Chinese Quercus dentata, Pinus tabuliformis, Platicladus orientalis, Ostryopsis davidiana, Stipa bungeana, Bothriochloa ischaemum - gg. Quercus, Fraxinus, Carpinus 37 Deserts - Steppes - Broadleaved forests - Alpine meadows and/or Tragacanth formations 37.01 East Trans-Caucasian Salsola nodulosa, S. dendroides, Poa bulbosa -Stipa tirsa, S. pulcherrima, Bothriochloa ischaemum - Quercus iberica, Q. macranthera, Fagus orientalis - gg. Astragalus, Onobrychis 38 Deserts - Savanoids - Juniper open woodlands - High-Mountain steppes - Cryophytic cushion vegetation 38.01 Hindu Kush - Pamir-Alai Artemisia kemrudica, A.diffusa, Carex pachystylis, Poa bulbosa - gg. Pistacia, Amygdalus, Cercis, Elytrigia trichophora, Hordeum bulbosum, g. Prangos - J. turkestanica, J. semiglobosa - Festuca musbelica, Stipa trichoides, g. Acantholimon - Thylacospermum caespitosum 39 Deserts - Semideserts - High-Mountain steppes - High-Mountain Kobresia meadows - Cryophytic cushion vegetation 39.01 South Tian Shan Reaumuria songarica - Stipa glareosa, Ceratoides papposa - Festuca musbelica, Stipa purpurea, Oxytropis chionobia - Kobresia capilliformis, K. pygmaea - g. Oxytropis, Thylacospermum caespitosum Subtropical 40 Humid forests Hardleaved evergreen forests 40.01 Yunnan Quercus glauca, Castanopsis delavayi, Lithocarpus dealbatus; in places - Pinus junnanensis 40.02 East Chinese gg. Phoebe, Machilus, Cinnamomum, Quercus glauca, Castanopsis hystrix 40.03 South Japanese Castanopsis cuspidata, gg. Cinnamomum, Machilus 40.04 West Atlantic Quercus stellata, Q. marilandica. Carya tomentosa, Pinus virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua 40.05 Mississippian Quercus phellos, Q. nigra, Q. falcata, Nyssa sylvatica, Taxodium distichum 40.06 Floridian Pinus palustris, P. elliottii, Quercus nigra, Carya glabra 41 Seasonally wet forests and woodlands Summer-dry sclerophyllous hardleaved evergreen forests and Open woodlands (including low mountain) 41.01 Atlantic - West Mediterranean Quercus ilex, Q. suber, Q. rotundifolia, Pinus halepensis, g. Juniperus, Ceratonia siliqua, Olea europaea 41.02 East Mediterranean Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex; in places - Pinus brutia 41.03 East Pacific Adenostoma fasciculatum, A. sparsifolium, Quercus dumosa, Juniperus californica 41.04 Texan Quercus stellata, Q. nigra, Juniperus lucayana, in grass cover - Andropogon scoparius, A. hallii 42 Semideserts Grass semideserts with dwarf shrubs 42.01 South Mediterranean Artemisia herba-alba, Stipa tenacissima 42.02 East Pacific Stipa pulchra, S. eminens, Poa scabrella, Artemisia californica, Salvia apiana, S. mellifera, Eriogonum fasciculatum Grass semideserts with shrubs 42.03 Texan g. Bouteloua, Hilaria cenchroides, g. Aristida; with Prosopis juliflora, gg. Larrea, Acacia 43 Deserts Dwarf shrub, shrub, half-tree, and grass - shrub deserts with ephemeral (ephemerous and ephemeroid) species 43.01 Saharan - Arabian Calligonum comosum, Retama retam, Ephedra alata, Anabasis articulata, Haloxylon scoparium, H. salicornicum Dwarf shrub and grass - shrub deserts with ephemeral (ephemerous and ephemeroid) species 43.02 North Central-Asian Artemisia herba-alba, Carex pachystylis, Stipa capensis Shrub, half-tree, and grass - shrub deserts with ephemeral (ephemerous and ephemeroid) species 43.03 Syrian - Iraqi Haloxylon salicornicum, Noaea mucronata, Poa sinaica, Carex pachystylis Shrub and grass - shrub deserts with ephemeral (ephemerous and ephemeroid) species 43.04 Arabian Rhanterium epapposum, Astragalus spinosus Shrub deserts with ephemeral (ephemerous and ephemeroid) species 43.05 Great Basin Ambrosia dumosa, Encelia farinosa, Larrea tridentata, L. divaricata, g. Franseria Altitudinal series in Subtropical climate 44 Evergreen sclerophyllous forests and Shrublands - Deciduous forests - Coniferous forests - Open woodlands and Shrublands 44.01 Atlas Quercus suber, Q. ilex - Q. faginea, Q. pyrenaica - Pinus halepensis, Cedrus atlantica 44.02 Apennine - Balkan Quercus cerris, Q. frainetto - Fagus sylvatica - Abies alba - Pinus mugo, Juniperus nana, gg. Carex, Sesleria 44.03 Californian Bauhinia longiflora, Zizyphus sonorensis, Desmanthus virgatus - Pinus ponderosa, Quercus chrysolepis - Abies concolor, Acer macrophyllum 44.04 Colorado Juniperus scopulorum, J. utahensis, Pinus edulis - Pinus ponderosa 45 Subtropical coniferous forests - Evergreen shrublands - Alpine meadows 45.01 East Mediterranean Abies cilicica, Cedrus libani - g. Rhododendron 45.02 Sino - Tibetan Abies georgii, Picea likiangensis, Tsuga dumosa - gg. Rhododendron, Pentaphylloides - gg. Gentiana, Anemone, Polygonum 46 Steppes - Forest-steppes - Tragacanth formations 46.01 Anatolian Festuca valesiaca, Stipa pellita, Artemisia fragrans, g. Bromus, Poa bulbosa - Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, Festuca valesiaca, Artemisia fragrans - gg. Astragalus, Onobrychis 46.02 Armenian - Kurdish Festuca valesiaca, Stipa tirsa, gg. Acantholimon, Astragalus - Quercus macranthera, Juniperus excelsa, Festuca valesiaca - gg. Astragalus, Onobrychis 47 Deserts - Xerophytic open woodlands - Dry deciduous forests - Tragacanth formations 47.01 Zagros Artemisia herba-alba, gg. Acantholimon, Astragalus - Pistacia mutica, gg. Amygdalus, Crataegus - Quercus brantii - gg. Astragalus, Onobrychis 47.02 Afghan Artemisia herba-alba, Zygophyllum atriplicoides - Pistacia mutica, P. khinjuk, gg. Amygdalus, Acantholimon 48 High-Mountain Deserts and Semideserts 48.01 Tibetan Ceratoides papposa, Ajania tibetica, Artemisia rhodantha, Stipa subsessiliflora 49 High-Mountain Steppes and Steppe Kobresia meadows 49.01 Tibetan Stipa purpurea, S. subsessiliflora, Festuca olgae and Kobresia tibetica, gg. Leontopodium, Thalictrum 50 High-Mountain Kobresia meadows and Cryophytic cushion vegetation 50.01 Tibetan Kobresia pygmaea, K. tibetica, Polygonum viviparum, Arenaria musciformis, Thylacospermum caespitosum TROPICAL VEGETATION Monsoon Tropical and Subequatorial 51 Rain forests Tropical evergreen monsoon forests (including low mountain) 51.01 Madagascan fam. Myristicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Araliaceae, Ebenaceae, Ravenala madagascariensis, g. Dracena 51.02 South Indian Dipterocarpus indicus, Palaquium ellipticum, Mesua ferrea 51.03 Indo-Chinese Dipterocarpus pilosus, gg. Antiaris, Hopea, Vatica 51.04 East Australian Acmena graveolens, Alstonia scholaris, Agathis robusta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Drypetes australasica, Argyrodendron perulatum, gg. Grevillea, Tristania 51.05 Oceanic fam. Guttiferae, Myrtaceae, Proteaceae, Lauraceae, Araliaceae 51.06 Central American Achras rapota, Swietenia macrophylla, Brosimum alicastrus, Cedrela mexicana, Ipomoea arborea, Ceiba acuminata 51.07 Colombian Anacardium excelsum, Brownea herthea, Jacaranda superba, Brossimum retile 51.08 West Atlantic Piptadenia rigida, Hymenae stilbocarpa, Melanoxylon brauna, Centrolobium robustum Tropical and Subequatorial 52 Seasonally wet forests Semi-evergreen and deciduous forests (including low mountain) 52.01 Central African Cynometra alexandri, Khaya anthotheca, Parkia filicoidea 52.02 West Indian Cedrela toona, Artocarpus hirsuta, Hopea parviflora 52.03 East Indian Shorea robusta, gg. Lagerstroemia, Terminalia 52.04 Ceylonese Vitex pinnata, Mangifera zeylanica, g. Pterospermum 52.05 Bengalese Amoora wallichii, Mesua ferrea, g. Cinnamomum 52.06 Burmese Xylia xylocarpa, gg. Lagerstroemia, Dipterocarpus 52.07 Indo-Chinese Tectona grandis, gg. Xylia, Terminalia 52.08 South Chinese - North Vietnamese gg. Antiaris, Aglaia, Chukrasia, Dysoxylon 52.09 North Australian Eucalyptus crebra, E. drepanophylla, E. alba, Angophox costata, Brachychiton rupestre 52.10 Central American Pentaclethra macroloba, Welfia georgii, Socratea durissima 52.11 Colombian - Venezuelan Spondias mombin, Bombacopsis sepium, Tabebuia chrysantha, Pterocarpus vernalis 52.12 South Brazilian Cedrella fissilis, C. glaziovii, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Dalbergia nigra 53 Wet savannas 53.01 Guinean - Sudanese fam. Combretaceae, Butyrospermum parkii, Parkia biglobosa, Lophira alata, Daniellia olivieri; grasses: gg. Andropogon, Hyparrhenia, Loudetia, Pennisetum purpureum 53.02 Angolan Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia sericea, Burkea africana, grasses: Hyparrhenia bracteata, H. rufa 53.03 West Madagascan Acridocarpus excelsus, Tamarindus indica, Fernandoa madagascariensis; grasses: Heteropogon contortus, Loudetia simplex, Hyparrhenia rufa, H. schimperi, H. cymbaria 53.04 North Australian Eucalyptus tectifica, E. confertiflora, E. grandifolia; grasses: gg. Astrebla, Bothriochloa, Themeda 53.05 Central American - Antillean gg. Sabal, Curatella, Byrsonima, Dichrostachys glomerata 53.06 Floridian Aristida stricta, Muhlenbergia capillaris, Serenoa repens, Mitchella repens 53.07 Orinoco ("llianos") Mauritia flexuosa, Copernicia tectorum, gg. Caesalpinia, Pterocarpus; grasses: gg. Paspalum, Cymbopogon 53.08 Guianese Curatella americana, gg. Byrsonima, Bowdichia; grasses: gg. Andropogon, Cymbopogon 53.09 Brazilian ("campos cerrados") Curatella americana, Anacardium occidentalis, gg. Attalea, Cocos 54 Dry forests Deciduous (including low mountain), partly Sclerophyllous forests 54.01 Central African (floristically rich "miombo") Brachystegia floribunda, B.glaberrima, B.taxipholia, Julbernardia globiflora, Isoberlinia angolensis 54.02 Central African (floristically poor "miombo") Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii, Julbernardia globiflora 54.03 Indian Tectona grandis, gg. Hardwickia, Anogeissus 54.04 Indo-Chinese Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, D. obtusifolius, Pentacme suavis, Shorea obtusa 54.05 Paraguayan - Argentinian ("quebracho" and "algorobo" forests) "quebracho": Schinopsis balansae, S. quebracho-colorado, Zizyphus mistol, Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco; "algorobo": Prosopis alba, P. nigra, P. ruscifolia; cacti: Cereus coryne, C. validus, Opuntia quimilio 55 Open woodlands 55.01 Angolan - Mozambique Colophospermum mopane, Balanites angolensis, Commiphora anacardiifolia, C. angolensis 55.02 South Indian Albizia amara, Chloroxylon swietenia, Acacia leucophloea 55.03 Indo-Chinese Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, D. intricatus 55.04 East Javanese g. Casuarina 55.05 Australian Eucalyptus dichromophloia, E. populnea, E. melanophloia, Acacia chirleyi, gg. Terminalia, Melaleuca 55.06 Brazilian ("caatinga") Zizyphus joseiro, Cavanillesia arborea, Aspidosperma perifolium, Caesalpinia echinata, Cocos comosa, Copernicia cerifera, Cereus squamosus, Pilocereus gounell 56 Dry savannas (including low mountain) 56.01 Sudanese Adansonia digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia seyal, A. senegal, g. Terminalia; grasses: Andropogon hirtiflorus, Themeda triandra 56.02 East African Adansonia digitata, Acacia bussei, A. albida, Commiphora africana, C. mollis; grasses: Andropogon hirtiflorus, Brachiaria eruciformis 56.03 South African Terminalia sericea, Combretum apiculatum, Adansonia digitata, Sclerocarya caffra; grasses: gg. Heteropogon, Aristida 56.04 Angolan Euphorbia conspicua, Sterculia setigera, Setaria welwitschii, Maerua angolensis 56.05 Madagascan Medemia nobilis; grasses: Panicum luridum, P. dregeanum, Aristida stipoides, Loudetia stipoides 56.06 Pakistani Acacia nubica, A. arabica, Prosopis spicigera; grasses: g. Cymbopogon 56.07 North Indian Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo; grasses: Aristida adscensionis 56.08 Central Indian Acacia arabica, Zizyphus mauritiana; grasses: gg. Heteropogon, Chrysopogon 56.09 Indo-Chinese Acacia catechu, Tectona hameltoniana; grasses: g. Andropogon 56.10 Australian Eucalyptus brevifolia, E. zygophylla, E. dichromophloia, Acacia tumida, Owenia reticulata; grasses: Astrebla pectinata, gg. Triodia, Plectrachne 57 Desert-like savannas Thorn-shrub 57.01 Sahelian - Arabian Acacia tortilis, A. laeta, A. senegal, Maerua crassifolia, Balanites aegyptiaca; grasses: Cenchrus biflorus, Aristida stipoides 57.02 Ethiopian - Somali Acacia etbaica, A. bussei, Bauhinia taitensis; grasses: Chrysopogon aucheri, Eragrostis haraensis 57.03 South African Acacia haematoxylon, A. giraffae, Bauhinia natalensis, Boscia foetida; grasses: Eragrostis lehmanniana, Smidtia bulbosa, Aristida amabilis, A. meridionalis 57.04 South Madagascan g. Acacia, Maerua filiformis; grasses: Aristida congesta, Cenchrus ciliaris 57.05 Indian Prosopis spicigera, Capparis decidua; grasses: gg. Cenchrus, Elionorus 57.06 Mexican Acacia tortuosa, Celtis pallida, Yucca carnerosana; grasses: Aristida divaricata, Eragrostis mexicana 57.07 Yucatan Acacia macrocantha, A. cochliacantha, Cercidium sonorae, Ipomoea arborea 58 Semideserts Grass - shrub "mulga-scrub" 58.01 West Australian Acacia aneura, A. stipuligera, A. tetragonophylla, A. sclerosperma; grasses: gg. Triodia, Plectrachne Grass - shrub "mulga-scrub" and "malle-scrub" 58.02 Central Australian Acacia aneura, A. stipuligera, A. pyrifolia, A. tumida, A. pachycarpa; grasses: gg. Triodia, Plectrachne combined with Eucalyptus open forests Tropical (including Subtropical - Tropical) 59 Deserts Shrub and succulent 59.01 Atlantic - Saharan Euphorbia regis-jubae, E. echinus, Lycium intricatum, Acacia tortilis, Salvadora persica, gg. Salsola, Atriplex Grass - shrub and shrub 59.02 Saharan Zygophyllum simplex, Z. album, Cornulaca monocantha, Traganum nudatum, g. Cassia, Indigofera sessiliflora, Acacia seyal, A.albida, Aristida plumosa, Stipagrostis obtusa, Cenchrus biflorus Grass - shrub, shrub, and succulent 59.03 Somali Lycium europaeum, Zygophyllum hildebrandtii, Aloe breviscarpa, A. rigens, Euphorbia columnaris, E. mosaica, Chrysopogon aucheri, Paspalidium desertorum Shrub and succulent 59.04 Angolan - Namibian Mesembryanthemum salicornioides, M. cryptanthum, Zygophyllum simplex, Z. stapfii, Welwitschia bainesii 59.05 South Iranian Euphorbia larica, Sphaerocoma aucheri Shrub 59.06 Sind Calligonum polygonoides, Capparis decidua, Aerva tomentosa Grass - shrub and shrub 59.07 West Australian Eucalyptus dichromophloia, gg. Grevillea, Acacia, Hakea, Eremophila 59.08 Central Australian Chenopodium auricomum, Arthrocnemum halocnemoides, Zygochloa paradoxa, g. Triodia Succulent 59.09 Mexican Agave lecheguilla, Ferocactus wislizenii, g. Opuntia, Cordia greggii Grass - shrub and succulent 59.10 East Pacific fam. Cactaceae, Euphorbiaceae, gg. Senecio, Chloris, Cenchrus, Anthephora 60 Extremely arid deserts Absolute deserts (no vegetation) 60.01 Central Saharan Extremely arid deserts 60.02 Saharan Indigofera semitrijuga, Crotalaria saharae, Requienia oleordata 60.03 South Arabian Dipterygium glaucum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica Mountain vegetation in Tropical climate 61 Tropical evergreen forests 61.01 East African Ocotea usambarensis, Macaranga occidentalis, Podocarpus milajianus 61.02 Madagascan gg. Tambourissa, Weinmannia, Symphonia 61.03 Antillean Dacryodes excelsa, g. Sloanea; tree-ferns: Richeria grandis, Eschweilera trinitensis 61.04 Guianese gg. Hevea, Duguetia, Mora, Protium, Ficus 61.05 East Brazilian Caesalpinia echinata, Dalbergia nigra, Apuleja ferrea, Piptadenia peregrina Altidudinal series in Tropical climate 62 Tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests - Subtropical evergreen forests - Dark coniferous forests - High-Mountain open woodlands and shrublands - High-Mountain meadows 62.01 East Himalayan gg. Dipterocarpus, Michelia - gg. Cinnamomum, Schima - Tsuga dumosa, Abies densa - Betula utilis, g. Rhododendron - gg. Aquilegia, Trollius, Poa, Kobresia & Tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests - Subtropical evergreen forests - Dark coniferous forests - High-Mountain open woodlands and shrublands 62.02 Indo-Chinese gg. Antiaris, Erythrophlaemum, Vatica - gg. Cinnamomum, Litsea, Lithocarpus - gg. Betula, Alnus - g. Rhododendron 63 Tropical semievergreen forests with subtropical species - Subtropical xerophytic forests - High-Mountain xerophytic shrublands and succulents 63.01 North Andean gg. Cedrela, Blepharocalyx, Phoebe, Ocotea - gg. Eugenia, Juglans, Ilex - gg. Prosopis, Opuntia 64 Xerophytic open woodlands and shrublands - Tropical semi-evergreen forests - Subtropical evergreen forests - High-Mountain xerophytic shrublands and grasslands with fragments of meadows ("paramos") 64.01 Central American Crescentia alata, g. Curatella, Pinus tropicalis, g. Sabal, Dichrostachys glomerata - Tabebuia palmeri, Ipomoea arborescens, Ceiba acuminata - Pinus montezumae, P. apacheca, Quercus arizonica - shrubs and meadows "porteros" 64.02 Bolivian - Argentinian gg. Pithecolobium, Cercidium, Melocactus - gg. Weinmannia, Brunellia, Drimys - gg. Podocarpus, Eugenia, Ilex - gg. Prosopis, Acacia, Cercidium, Calamagrostis, Festuca; with elements of "paramos": gg. Espeletia, Diplostephium 65 Savannas - Dry evergreen forests - Coniferous forests - Open woodlands and shrublands - High-Mountain meadows 65.01 West Himalayan Acacia nubica, A. arabica - Quercus baloot, Pinus roxburgii - Cedrus deodara, Picea morinda, Abies pindrow - Betula utilis, g. Rhododendron - gg. Aquilegia, Trollius, Poa, Kobresia 65.02 Mexican Acacia tortuosa, A. paucispina, gg. Yucca, Opuntia - Tabebuia palmeri, Anona cherimolia, Cedrela mexicana - Quercus gambellii, Q. macrophylla, Pinus montezumae - Abies religiosa, Pinus ayacahuite, Taxodium mexicanum - gg. Festuca, Agrostis 66 Savannas - Open woodlands and Shrublands - Dry evergreen forests - Ericoid dwarf woodlands and shrublands 66.01 Ethiopian Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca - Boswellia papyrifera, B. pirottae - Juniperus procera, g. Podocarpus - Erica arborea, Arundinaria alpina 66.02 Arabian Acacia asak, A. etbaica, A. commiphora - gg. Boswellia, Commiphora - Olea chrysophylla, Juniperus procera 67 Tropical deserts - Subtropical semideserts 67.01 Central Saharan g. Acacia, Stipagrostis obtusa, Aristida coerulescens - Artemisia herba-alba, g. Pentzia, Olea laperrinei 68 Tropical deserts - High-Mountain deserts ("puna") 68.01 Central Andean gg. Cereus, Azorella, Distichia - gg. Fabiana, Psila, Adesma Equatorial 69 Rain forests Evergreen equatorial forests ("hylea") 69.01 Guinean - Congolese Oxystigma oxyphyllum, Scorodophloeus zenkeri, fam. Meliaceae, Maranthaceae, gg. Dialum, Desbordesia, Turraeanthus, Diospyros, Mapania 69.02 Congolese gg. Pandanus, Raphia, Syzygium, Mytragine 69.03 Malayan gg. Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Parashorea 69.04 New Guinean gg. Canarium, Cedrella, Dillenia, Terminalia, Pterocarpus 69.05 Amazonian fam. Fabaceae, Myristicaceae, Rubiaceae, gg. Theobroma, Ceiba, Cedrela odorata 69.06 East Amazonian fam. Lecythidaceae, Swartzia duckei, Ormosia cuneata, Bonnetia dinizii, Dinizia excelsa, Teobroma microcarpum, Euterpe oleracea, Iriartea ventricosa 70 Mangrove 70.01 Costal gg. Rhizophora, Avicennia, Bruguiera, Conocarpus Altitudinal series in Equatorial Climate 71 Tropical evergreen forests - Subtropical evergreen forests - Temperate (mist) forests - Ericoid dwarf woodlands and shrublands 71.01 Malayan gg. Dipterocarpus, Paranephelium - gg. Neolitsea, Castanopsis - gg. Viburnum, Euonimus - gg. Vaccinium, Rhododendron 71.02 New Guinean gg. Terminalia, Indospermum - gg. Nothofagus, Araucaria, Podocarpus - fam. Lauraceae, Myrtaceae - gg. Rhododendron, Vaccinium 71.03 Central Andean gg. Hufelandia, Endlicheria, Nectandra - gg. Podocarpus, Phoebe, Ocotea - gg. Alnus, Berberis - fam. Ericaceae, Myrtaceae SOUTHERN EXTRATROPICAL VEGETATION Subtropical 72 Humid forests Evergreen subtropical forests 72.01 Southeast African Combretum kraussii, Colodendron capense, Albizia adianthipholia, Podocarpus latifolius, Ocotea ballata, O. kenyensis 72.02 East Australian - New Zealand g. Brachychiton, Archontophoenix cunninghamia, Cyathea australis, Agathis robusta 72.03 East Australian - Tasmanian Eucalyptus viminalis, E. obligua, E. sieberi, E. gummifera, E. ovata 73 Seasonally wet forests and shrublands Hardleaved evergreen and partly deciduous forests and Shrublands of Mediterranean type 73.01 Cape ("fynbos") gg. Protea, Serruria, Leucospermum, Erica, Philippia, Plaeria 73.02 Southwest Australian Eucalyptus marginata, E. calophylla, Macrozamia fraseri, Kingia australis Hardleaved evergreen and partly deciduous shrublands of Mediterranean type 73.03 South Australian gg. Banksia, Hakea, Melaleuca, Grevillea, Leptospermum, Casuarina 74 Dry forests, woodlands, and shrublands Dry evergreen and partly Deciduous forests, Open woodlands, and Shrublands 74.01 West Australian Eucalyptus gomphocephala, E. salmonophloia, gg. Casuarina, Acacia 74.02 East Australian Eucalyptus populnea, E. albens, E. melanophloia, Casuarina stricta, Callitris glauca, gg. Grevillea, Acacia 74.03 Argentinian ("espinal") Prosopis alba, P. nigra, Acacia caven, Celtis spinosa, Schinus longifolia 75 Grasslands Tall grass 75.01 South African Themeda triandra, Cymbopogon plurinoideis, Cynodon dactylon, Heteropogon contortus, g. Andropogon 75.02 East Argentinian - Uruguayan ("pampa") Stipa neesiana, S. papposa, Piptochaetium monteoidense, Paspalum notatum, Andropogon saccharoides, Poa ligularis 76 Semideserts and Deserts Dwarf shrub and succulent deserts 76.01 Karroo - South Namibian Pentzia spinescens, P. incana, Acacia giraffae, A. karroo, Euclea undulata, gg. Euphorbia, Stapelia, Aloe dichotoma, g. Mesembryanthemum Grass - shrub and shrub semideserts and deserts 76.02 Kalahari Stipagrostis uniplumis, Asthenaterum glaucum, Eragrostis lehmanniana, Acacia giraffae, A. mellifera, g. Albizia Shrub deserts 76.03 South Australian Eucalyptus socialis, E. dumosa, E. tetragona Grass - shrub, shrub, and succulent semideserts and deserts 76.04 Nullarbor Atriplex vesicaria, A. nummularia, Maireana sedifolia, Acacia sowdeni, A. loderi, g. Myoporum Grass - shrub semideserts 76.05 Central Argentinian Prosopis caldenia, P. alpadago, g. Stipa Mountain vegetation in Subtropical climate 77 Wet evergreen and partly Deciduous forests 77.01 South African Ocotea bullata, O. kenyensis, Podocarpus falcatus, Olea laurifolia, g. Leucosidea 77.02 South Australian Eucalyptus obliqua, E. melliodora, E. macroryncha, E. woolsiana 77.03 South Brazilian Araucaria brasiliana, Feebia porosa, Ilex paraguaensis Altitudinal series in Subtropical climate 78 Wet evergreen forests - Open woodlands - Heathlands and Meadows 78.01 Australian Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. dalrympleana, E. fastigata - E.melliodora, E.albens, E.woolsiana - gg. Themeda, Poa, Danthonia 79 Subtropical sclerophyllous forests - Coniferous forests of Mediterranean type 79.01 East Pacific gg. Quillaya, Lithraea, Jubaea - gg. Podocarpus, Libocedrus 80 Xerophytic open woodlands and shrublands ("monte") - Xerophytic forests and Open woodlands - patches of Subtropical and Temperate evergreen forests 80.01 West Argentinian gg. Larrea, Caesalpinia - gg. Prosopis, Chlorisia - fam. Lauraceae, g. Alnus Subboreal - Subtropical 81 Deserts Shrub and succulent 81.01 Patagonian Prosopis patagonica, Lycium ameghinoi, Berberis cumeata, Euphorbia portulacoides Altitudinal series in Subboreal - Subtropical climate 82 Evergreen forests - Evergreen forests with deciduous species - High-Mountain meadows and Cushion shrublands 82.01 West Tasmanian Nothofagus cunninghamii, Callitris tasmanica, Dacridium franclinii, g. Phyllocladus - Eucalyptus obligua, E. fastigiata - g. Poa, shrubs: fam. Fabaceae, Proteaceae 82.02 New Zealand Nothofagus truncata, N. fuska, Weinmannia racemosa, Podocarpus dacrydioides, Phyllocladus alpinus - Nothofagus cliffortioides, Libocedrus bidwillii - Poa colensoi, P. intermedia, gg. Danthonia, Haastia, Raoulia & Evergreen forests - Evergreen forests with deciduous species 82.03 North Patagonian Andes Nothofagus dombeyi, gg. Laurelia, Fitzzoya, Pilgerodendron - Nothofagus pumilio, N. antarctica, g. Libocedrus Subboreal Mountain vegetation in Subboreal climate 83 Broadleaved deciduous forests with evergreen species 83.01 South Patagonian Andes Nothofagus antarctica, N. pumilio, gg. Drimys, Podocarpus Subantarctic 84 Oceanic meadows Oceanic meadows with mires and cushion shrublands 84.01 South Atlantic meadows: gg. Festuca, Poa, Cortaderia; mires: gg. Carex, Sphagnum, Drosera; cushions: gg. Azorella, Donatia, Astelia