EARTHQUAKE DATA BASE SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION
 Multi-Catalog Historical Earthquake Data Base
 Inquires should be directed to: 
 Mailing Address:
 U.S. Geological Survey
 National Earthquake Information Center
 Denver Federal Center
 P.O. Box 25046; Mail Stop 967
 Denver, CO 80225-0046 
 ATTN.: Glen Reagor
 The address for Courier Service (Federal Express, DHL, 
 Airborne Express, United Parcel Service, or U.S. Express 
 Mail):
 U.S. Geological Survey
 National Earthquake Information Center
 Room 530 
 1711 Illinois Ave.
 Golden, CO 80401
 ATTN.: Glen Reagor
 Telephone: - Commercial (303) 273-8406
 - FAX (303) 273-8450
 - E-MAIL hdf@neis.cr.usgs.gov
 GENERAL INFORMATION
 The EARTHQUAKE DATA BASE SYSTEM (EDBS) was established to provide
 earthquake information to the academic community, the private sector,
 and to governmental agencies. If you use, need, produce, handle,
 archive, or are concerned with or about earth-science data sets, your
 participation in the EDBS is solicited.
 Please note that government regulations require prepayment on all
 orders.  Telephone requests will be accepted, but data cannot be
 shipped until payment is received.
 The EARTHQUAKE DATA BASE SYSTEM consists of three data bases; this
 section  of  the  documentation  presents  information  for the
 Multi-Catalog Historical Earthquake Data Base. For more information
 about the US or INT Data Bases, contact Glen Reagor (address and
 telephone number is at the top of this page).
 1. HDS - Multi-Catalog Historical Earthquake Data
 Base.
 Page 2
 2. US - United States State Seismicity Files.
 3. INT - Earthquake Intensity file
 EARTHQUAKE DATA BASE
 The current data base was assembled over a period of several decades.
 Constituent catalogs were in some cases entered manually into the data
 base from published papers and in other cases entered from computer
 tapes supplied to the NEIC by representatives of the institutions that
 compiled the catalogs. Some of the catalogs were provided to the U.S.
 Geological  Survey  in  computer-readable  form by the National
 Geophysical Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
 Adminstration (NOAA) (Rinehart and others, 1985).
 The sources of catalogs in the data base are listed on pages 8-14. If
 an entry attributed to a source in the data base is not consistent
 with the entry for the same earthquake given in the source publication
 or preferred by the source institution, the latter should taken as
 authoratative. Some catalogs in the data base are updated versions of
 those described in the cited reference, provided by the authors and
 prepared using the conventions described in the reference.
 The USGS has not been able to determine the sources for some catalogs
 in the data base.  These catalogs are retained in the data base
 because thaey clearly represent major cataloging efforts, and they may
 include significant earthquakes that are not included in other
 catalogs.
 The temporal extent of the data base extends from 2000B.C.  through
 the current week of the Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE)
 program. Each earthquake in the data base is detailed according to
 source, date, time, latitude, longitude, magnitude, intensity, and
 seismic-related information. Duplicate entries, two or more records
 for the same event, may result from searching more than one catalog.
 For most earthquakes there will be no more than one entry for each
 cataloging authority.  By selecting the desired catalogs or by using
 the Duplicate Earthquake Eliminator (Search Options),  duplicate
 entries can be mostly eliminated. Caution: peripheral information
 may vary with each catalog entry. An epicenter with a latitude and
 longitude of exactly 0.0 degrees usually indicates that the earthquake
 location was not well enough known that the cataloging authority would
 assign an epicenter to it. An earthquake is extracted from the data
 base when it meets all input user-conditions.
 The data base is not static; as additions or modifications are made
 available, new data are added and old data are deleted. The catalogs
 are not systematically critiqued for erroneous or missing data.  The
 user should be aware that some of the source-institutions for catalogs
 in the data base may have produced more recent versions of the
 catalogs than those in the present data base.
 Micro-earthquakes having magnitudes below 1.0 are not retained in the
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 data base. Earthquakes with magnitudes less than 2.0 are found in the
 data base, but in general, the magnitude level of earthquakes in the
 data base range from 2.5-9.5. Users of micro-earthquake data should
 contact institutions that operate seismograph networks in their area
 of interest.
 It is ultimately the user's responsibility to assess the accuracy and
 completeness of a data-set extracted from the data base and to
 determine if these are sufficient for the purposes to which the
 data-set would be applied.
 AUTOMATED MAP PLOTS
 A page-size plot of the data is returned to the user as a part of the
 completed  seismicity search request.  Earthquake epicenters are
 plotted as symbols that vary according to magnitude.  In the lower
 section of the plot, the legend displays the magnitude range of the
 plotted data. Earthquakes with unknown magnitude values are assigned
 a symbol corresponding to a magnitude of zero. To avoid overplotting,
 the map displays only the largest magnitude value at each location.
 The appearance of the map is data dependent.
 SEARCH MODES
 The EARTHQUAKE DATA BASE SYSTEM utilizes five (5) search modes to
 define the data selection method.
 (1) Global - A general search method of the data base.
 This method extracts earthquakes regardless of the
 earthquake's location. Search Options may be used.
 (2) Flinn-Engdahl Number - The globe is broken down
 into  regions  based  on geographic and political
 boundaries (Flinn and others, 1974).  Each region is
 assigned a unique number.  This search method uses
 these numbers to extract data from the data base.  The
 EDBS allows a maximum of 20 selected regions per
 execution sequence.
 (3) Rectangle - Selects earthquakes within a specified
 latitude and longitude geographic grid. EDBS does not
 search a grid that spans more than 180 degrees of
 longitude.  EDBS, if necessary, will reverse right and
 left longitude so that the grid spans less than 180
 degrees.  In other words, EDBS will always search the
 smaller grid between two longitudes.
 (4) Circle - Selects earthquakes that are located
 within a circle centered at a user-specified location.
 The fixed selectable radii are 50, 100, 200, 300 km; a
 variable radius input option is also available.
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 (5) United States, Alaska, Aleutian Islands Region,
 Hawaii, Caribbean Island Region, and Selected Border
 Areas - 50 states plus adjacent border areas of Mexico,
 Canada, Yukon Territories, and Caribbean Islands Region
 are  searched  with  the  following  Flinn-Engdahl
 Geographic Region Numbers (Flinn and others,1974):
 1-3; 5-17; 19-20; 25-46; 85-95; 456-469; 471-514;
 516-520; 612-613; 672-676.
 (6) U.S. State or United States Search - This search
 condition produces a list of earthquake that are
 located with the selected state borders.  In some
 instances  where  the  state  border is extremely
 convoluted, earthquakes located on the boundary between
 states may be listed that are located in an adjacent
 state. The user is required to input the 2-letter zip
 code that represents the selected state. Any of the 50
 states may be accessed. If the user inputs "US", then
 all earthquakes located with the United States except
 Alaska and Hawaii are extracted from the data base.
 All options may be used.
 SEARCH OPTIONS
 The ten (10) search options are used to customize the data output and
 to select output file formats. The search options can be used either
 individually or in combinations with other search options.
 (1) The output data formats are:
 (1) FORMAT 1 (SR.DAT) - See Description of Coded
 Output (page 8). An example of a SR.DAT listing
 is shown on page 47.
 (2) FORMAT 2 (VX.DAT) - A condensed one-line
 version of Format 1.  The file is designed for
 computer processing.  An example of a VX.DAT
 listing is shown on page 48.
 (3) FORMAT 3 - Both Format 1 (SR.DAT) and Format 2
 (VX.DAT) are produced.
 (4) FORMAT 4 (STAT.DAT) ) - This option produces
 an magnitude and depth summary output file in
 chart form. The magnitude and depth increments
 are on the X-axis and the year increments are on
 the Y-axis. The largest magnitude value (of the
 four possible magnitude values) is selected for
 tabulation. The year is omitted from the year
 sequence  if  data are not available.  Blank
 magnitude values and depth values are tabulated
 under the unknown category.  An example of a
 STAT.DAT listing is shown on page 49.
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 (5) City Format - This format is produced for athe
 user  who prefers the earthquake location be
 referenced to the nearest town or locality rather
 than a location defined by coordinates. This
 format is generated by a routine that is external
 to the "Earthquake Data base System". The VX
 formatted file (produced by the "Earthquake Data
 Base System") is the input file to the city
 location program. An example of the format of the
 City Format is shown on page 50.
 (2) Catalog Source - Selects data according to the
 Catalog Source. Three choices are available (1, 2, or
 3):
 Enter 1: Displays catalog choices.
 Enter 2: The entire data base is searched.
 Enter 3: Enter the numeric value of the catalog
 choices.
 (3) Date - Selects data according to the specified
 input year-to-year range.  Selection of data begins
 with the initial year through the terminal year or the
 end-of-file.
 Month-Day Sub-Option - Selects earthquakes in
 consecutive order starting with the initial year,
 month and day and ends with the terminating year,
 month and day.
 (4) Depth - Selects data as defined by the input depth
 range.  If the year is prior to 1964 and the input
 depth range lies between 0 - 70 km, the earthquake with
 unknown depths are extracted from the data base. This
 automatic feature compensates for the lack of depth
 estimates associated with earthquakes prior to 1964.
 This feature may be overridden by selecting the "known
 depth" option.
 (5) Magnitude-Intensity Intervals -  Selects  data
 according to the input intensity values or magnitude
 values. An earthquake is extracted from the data base
 when the intensity or magnitude parameter is within the
 range of the input values.  This option should be
 bypassed if the user wishes to select individual
 options of intensity and magnitude; if this option is
 selected,  the  individual intensity and magnitude
 options are bypassed.
 (6) Intensity - Selects data according to the input
 intensity range. See Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
 of 1931 on page 33 (Wood and Neumann, 1931).
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 (7) Magnitude - Selects data according to the specified
 input magnitude range. Input magnitude cannot be zero.
 If the year is prior to 1964 and the upper bound of the
 input magnitude range is greater than or equal to 5.0,
 the earthquakes with unknown magnitude values are
 extracted from the data base. This automatic feature
 compensates for the lack of  magnitude  estimates
 associated with earthquakes prior to 1964 and is
 intended to insure that some large earthquakes are not
 overlooked in the search by virtue of not having an
 assigned magnitude. The disadvantage with this feature
 is that the list will commonly include many shocks
 whose magnitude, had they been computed, may have been
 smaller than the specified lower-bound magnitude. This
 feature may be overridden by selecting the "known
 magnitude" option.
 (8) Moment Tensor/Fault Plane Solution Flagged Data -
 Earthquakes are extracted from the data base if they
 have had one of the various types of focal mechanism
 determined  for  them  and published in the USGS
 publication Preliminary Determinations of Epicenters
 (PDE)  -  Monthly  Listing. This  option has 4
 sub-options: (1.) Moment Tensor only; (2.) Fault Plane
 Solution only; (3.) Moment Tensor and Fault Plane
 Solution; (4.) Moment Tensor and/or  Fault  Plane
 Solution.
 (9) Irregular-Grid Zone - Selects data according to a
 pre-defined configuration pattern that outlines the
 irregular grid-shaped area (Godkin and Pulli, 1984). A
 filename of your choice contain pairs of latitude and
 longitude that defines an irregular grid pattern. This
 file is created with a text editor.
 NOTE: This option must be used with the Rectangular
 Grid  search  mode. The latitiude-longitude grid
 specified in the mode must enclose the region within
 the irregular-shaped grid zone. Global search mode is
 not permitted. Do not use the this option if the grid
 encloses the North or South Poles.
 To create the irregular grid data file:
 (A) - Enter the corner points (latitude and
 longitude) in a continuous clockwise direction.
 One coordinate pair entry per line. A space, NOT
 COMMAS, separates latitude and longitude values.
 A coordinate pair consists of a latitude value,
 followed by a space, then the longitude value.
 (B) - An example of irregular grid file entries:
 -26.50 28.0
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 -25.00 27.50
 -27.0 -26.25
 -26.0 28.0
 40.00 -179.00
 (C) - A minus sign preceding a latitude or
 longitude value  indicates  South  or  West
 respectively.
 (D) - Do not list the starting coordinate pair
 twice.
 (E) - Up to 100 pairs of input coordinates may be
 used.
 Enter the full pathname of the filename that
 contains the irregular grid data at the program
 prompt. If this file has not been created when
 the option is activated, enter a Carriage Return
 <CR> for the file name and program will terminate.
 Example of full pathname:
 data$disk:[reagor]filename
 (10) Duplicate Earthquake Eliminator - Allows the input
 of parameters to remove duplicate earthquake solutions
 from the output file.  Duplicate earthquake entries
 usually arise from earthquakes being listed, perhaps
 with slightly different epicenters and origin times, in
 more than one of the searched catalogs. The user
 specifies how far apart the origin times and epicenters
 of two listings must be if the listings are to be
 considered as representing different events.  Default
 values are 10 sec.  and 15 km for origin time and
 epicenter respectively.
 In order to eliminate duplicate entries, a list of
 catalogs is entered in the order of preference. If
 duplicate earthquakes occur, the program will accept
 the event for the first-entered catalog. If a list of
 catalogs is not made, or if the duplicates are not from
 any of those catalogs that are listed, the first event
 will be accepted.
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 DESCRIPTION OF CODED OUTPUT - Format 1 (SR.DAT)
 CATALOG SOURCE: Contributing source, or authority. In
 the following section, the number and abbreviation of
 each catalog source is enclosed by parenthesis.  The
 catalog abbreviations are listed in alphabetic order.
 Catalogs "supplied by NOAA" came to the NEIC from the
 National  Geophysical Data Center of the National
 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Rinehart and
 others, 1985).
 (34 = ABE) Catalog of large earthquakes, 1897 -
 1980,  from Abe (1981, 1982, 1984); Abe and
 Kanamori (1979); and Abe and Noguchi (1983a,b).
 Most shocks are of magnitude 6.8 and larger,
 though some smaller (down to magnitude 6) shocks
 are cataloged.
 (6 = AKAL) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 Alaska, including the Aleutian arc, 1786 - 1981,
 created by J.N. Taggart of the USGS NEIC.
 (32 = AMB) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in the
 Sudan, 1850 - 1975, from Ambraseys and Adams
 (1986a).
 (27 = ANK) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 Turkey, 11 - 1975, based on a catalog compiled at
 Kandilli  Observatory, Bogazici University,
 Istanbul.  File supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and
 others, 1985).
 (35 = ARAB) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain from the
 VIIth to the XVIIIth century A.D., compiled by
 Poirier and Taher (1980) from Arabic documents.
 (55 = ARIEH) Catalog of earthquakes in Israel and
 adjacent areas, compiled by E.J. Arieh, 1903 -
 1963. The earthquakes listed in the time interval
 1956 - 1962 have magnitudes equal to 3.5 or less.
 The earthquake locations  were  based  on  a
 three-station solution.  This does not indicate
 that the earthquake did not occur, but  the
 solutions may be suspect.  See ISN catalog for
 additional information.
 (3 = BCIS) Catalog of earthquakes listed in the
 publications of the Bureau Central International
 Seismologique (BCIS) for 1935, 1950 - 1963.  The
 level of completeness of this catalog is highly
 uncertain;  numerous  shocks  listed  in  the
 publications of the BCIS are not listed in the
 Page 9
 present catalog, and there is no duplication of
 the BCIS listings and ISS (see below) listings
 from the same time-periods. It is possible that
 the BCIS listings were originally intended to fill
 in gaps in the ISS listing. The file was created
 the earliest years of the data base. The file was
 supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others, 1985).
 (17 = BDA) Catalog of large earthquakes, 1897 -
 1977, compiled by Bath and Duda (1979). File
 supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others, 1985).
 (9 = BRK) Catalog of California earthquakes, 1910
 - 1983, compiled by the University of California
 at Berkeley. Geographical extent: 35 degrees -
 42 degrees North; 116 degrees - 128 degrees West.
 (7 = CDMG) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 California, 1735 - 1974, compiled by Real and
 others (1978) and Toppozada and others (1984) at
 the California Division of Mines and Geology.
 This file includes epicenters from catalogs of the
 Seismological  Laboratory  of  the  California
 Institute  of  Technology (PAS) and the
 Seismological  Stations  of the University of
 California at Berkeley (BRK).
 (57 = CHINA) China Catalog of earthquakes which
 covers a geographical area 0 degrees to 56 degrees
 North and 63 degrees to 145 degrees East.  The
 time frame for the data is 780 B.C. through May
 1984. A supplemental catalog (earthquakes with
 magnitudes 4.0 and greater) extend the data file
 through 1992. Both catalog files were compiled by
 the World Data Center D For Seismology, State
 Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China.
 (40 = DNAG) Catalog of North American earthquakes
 compiled for the Decade of North American Geology
 (Engdahl and Rinehart, 1991). The catalog covers
 the conterminous United States, Alaska (including
 the Aleutian Islands), Canada, Greenland, Iceland,
 and Middle America.
 (54 = DOYLE) Catalog of earthquakes for the
 Continent of Australia 1897 - 1966. Compiled by
 Doyle and others, 1968.
 (50 = EC) This catalog lists earthquakes with
 intensities of IV and larger for the 13 member
 countries of the European Community plus Austria
 and Switzerland from 479B.C. through 1983. The
 data for this catalog were collected by J.M.  Van
 Gils and after his death revised by Dr. Gunter
 Leydecker of the Federal Institute for Geosciences
  Page 10
 and  Natural  Resources,  Stilleweg 2, D-3000
 Hannover 51, Federal Republic of Germany.  The
 earthquake origin time before 1900 is a mixture of
 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or local time; after
 1900, the origin time is stated in GMT now known
 as UTC. Magnitude values are coded as UNKNOWN due
 to the fact that no specific coding of the values
 were given. A general statement suggests that
 magnitudes  for  historical  earthquakes  were
 macroseismic estimates and, for recent
 earthquakes, the magnitude values are mostly ML's.
 For each earthquake, the source national catalog
 is noted in the Authority Column (see page 17).
 Each national catalog may contain more information
 than the summary line presented in the EDBS
 format.
 (37 = EMSC) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 Europe and the Mediterranean region, 1976 - 1985,
 compiled at the Centre Seismologique
 Euro-Mediterranean (CSEM), Strasbourg, France.
 (20 = EPB) Catalog of Canadian earthquakes, 1568 -
 1992, compiled by the Earth Physics Branch (EPB)
 of Canada, now the Geological Survey of Canada.
 Also includes U.S. earthquakes occurring near the
 Canadian border.  Only the prime  hypocenters
 (those selected by EPB/GSC as the best solutions
 for their earthquakes) are entered into the data
 base; in some cases (indicated in the authority
 column), these prime hypocenters may have been
 computed by an institution other than the EPB/GSC.
 Hypocenters of felt events or events with unknown
 magnitudes or events with magnitudes greater than
 0.0 are found in this catalog.
 (24 = EPRI) Catalog of earthquakes of the United
 States east of the Rock Mountains, 1627 - 1985,
 compiled by Electric Power Reasearch Institute.
 This catalog was compiled from various catalogs.
 The sources from which some of the listings were
 taken is shown in the authority column.
 (12 = EQH) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in the
 United  States and Territories, 1638 - 1969.
 Catalog supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others,
 1985), (Coffman and others, 1973,1982).
 (30 = EUR) Catalog of European  earthquakes,
 2100B.C.  - 1982.  This catalog is made up of 7
 different  sub-catalogs. Each contributing
 sub-catalog is indicated in the authority column
 (see page 17) under EUR Catalog. File supplied by
 NOAA (Rinehart and others, 1985).
  Page 11
 (49 = FENN) Fennoscandian Earthquake Catalog, 1375
 - 1991, compiled from diskettes prepared at the
 Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki,
 Finland (Ahjos and Uski, 1992). The earthquakes
 in this catalog may duplicate the events listed in
 the EUR Catalog.  The source reference for each
 earthquake is listed in the Authority column (page
 17) under FENN Catalog.
 (36 = GER) Earthquake data file for the Federal
 Republic of Germany (FRG), 823 - 1992, compiled by
 (Leydecker, 1986,1988), and (Gruenthal, 1988).  A
 general statement indicates that the file contains
 earthquakes within the FRG and strong earthquakes
 outside the FRG that were felt with at least
 intensity V inside the borders of the FRG.  The
 date and time for events before 1900 is local
 time; after 1900 time is UTC.  The authority
 column identifies the seismogeographical region
 associated with the earthquake.
 (5 = G-R) Catalog of hypocenters and magnitudes,
 from Gutenberg and Richter (1954), 1904 - 1952.
 Catalog supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others,
 1985).  Magnitudes revised (Richter, 1958) from
 original listing. See also GUTE catalog below.
 (53 = GOUIN) Catalog of epicenters and magnitudes
 in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa (1400 - 1977),
 from Gouin (1979).
 (41 = GREAT) Catalog of great (magnitude 7.9 and
 larger) earthquakes, 1904 - 1977, from Kanamori
 (1977).
 (47 = GREEK) Catalog of earthquakes in Greece and
 surrounding area, 550B.C.  - 1985, compiled by
 Papazachos and Papazachos (1986).
 (5 = GUTE) Catalog of hypocenters and magnitudes
 listed in Gutenberg and Richter (1954), 1904 -
 1952.
 (29 = HVO) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in the
 Hawaiian Islands, compiled by the United States
 Geological Survey  at  the  Hawaiian  Volcano
 Observatory (HVO), 1961 - 1976. File supplied by
 NOAA (Rinehart and others, 1985).
 (25 = IGNE) Catalog of Iberia and the Mahgreb,
 880B.C.  - 1980, Instituto Geografico Nacional de
 Espana (Mezcua and Martinez-Solares, 1983).  Also
 includes seismicity of the Azores Fracture Zone.
 (45 = INDIA) Catalog of earthquakes for India,
  Page 12
 1063  - 1984.  The Indian earthquake catalog
 consists of the combined listings of four catalogs
 (Tandon. A.N. and Srivastava, H.N., 1974;
 Chandra, Umesh, 1977;  Rao  and  Rao,  1984;
 Srivastava, H.N., and Ramachandran, 1983). See
 the  authority column for the catalog
 identification.  The earthquakes that could be
 identified as duplicates from the four catalogs
 were eliminated from the final listing.  The
 abbreviations that identify the magnitude source
 are listed in the publication by Rao and Rao,
 1984.
 (2 = ISC) Epicenters listed in the International
 Seismological Centre (ISC) Bulletin tapes, 1964 -
 December 1991. Only the ISC's hypocenter (prime
 estimate) is cataloged for inclusion in the data
 base.  Catalog prepared by the  International
 Seismological Centre, Newbury, United Kingdom.
 (22 = ISN) Israel Seismic Network Catalog, 1900 -
 1993.  The catalog was compiled by the Institute
 for Petroleum Research and Geophysics, Israel.
 The geographical area is delineated by latitude 27
 - 36 degree North, and by longitude 32 - 38
 degrees East. (Malitzky, Alona and others, 1993).
 See the Arieh catalog for supplementary seismic
 information.
 (4 = ISS) Epicenters listed in the International
 Seismological Summaries, 1913 - 1963 (ISS), from a
 tape prepared by the International Seismological
 Centre, Newbury, United Kingdom.
 (4 = ISSN) Epicenters listed in the International
 Seismological Summaries (ISS) , 1918 - 1959.
 Catalog supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others,
 1985).  This file has been modified by NOAA to
 include magnitudes from various non-ISS sources;
 other pertinent seismic effects are included.
 (44 = ITALY) Catalog of Italian earthquakes, 1000
 - 1980; compiled by National Research Council,
 Project Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, Director
 F.  Barberi; "Catalogo Dei Terremoti Italiani
 Dall'anno 1000 al 1980", Editor D.  Postpischi;
 Bologna 1985.
 (48 = JMA) Catalog of felt earthquakes occurring
 in the Japan region, prepared from a tape compiled
 by the Japan Meterological Agency (JMA), 416 -
 1990.  Prior to 1885, the number of strong and
 damaging earthquakes is sketchy, from 1885 through
 1990 the file contains earthquakes that were known
 to be felt by the JMA network.
  Page 13
 (11 = LEE) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 China, 1177B.C.  - 1976 (Lee and others, 1976;
 1978). Catalog supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and
 others, 1985).
 (56 = LIBYA) Catalog of earthquakes in Libya, 1903
 - 1975, Ambraseys, 1982).
 (33 = MEAST) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 the Middle East, 1900 - 1983, compiled at NOAA
 (Riad and Meyers, 1985). This catalog covers more
 than 20 countries, extending from Libya in the
 west to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the east,
 Ethiopia and Somalia in the south, and Turkey in
 the north. Many of the values of specific types
 of magnitudes are estimated from values of other
 types  of  magnitudes or from intensity
 observations, using equations derived by Riad and
 Meyers (1985).
 (39 = MED)  Earthquake  data  file  of  the
 Mediterranean and surrounding areas, 1901 - 1975.
 Catalog prepared from a tape compiled at the
 University of Thessaloniki, Geophysical
 Laboratory, 1978.
 (31 = MOS) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in the
 USSR, 1950 - 1961.  Catalog supplied by NOAA
 (Rinehart and others, 1985).
 (19 = NEUS) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 the northeastern United States, 1534 - 1985.
 Contains entries of earthquakes occurring in 1534
 - 1984 that were compiled by E.F. Chiburis; most
 of these are listed in Chiburis (1981).  Also
 contains entries supplied by Weston Observatory of
 Boston College for earthquakes occurring in 1979 -
 1985. Weston Observatory-computed hypocenters are
 not included in the data base if they correspond
 to shocks that were not felt and were assigned
 magnitudes of 1.0 or less.
 (15 = NEV) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 Nevada, 1852 - 1962; 1970 - 1986. Listings for
 1852 - 1962 are from a slightly updated version of
 the catalog published by Slemmons and others
 (1965). Listings for 1970 - 1986 are from the
 Seismological Laboratory of the University of
 Nevada, Reno.
 (21 = NGDC) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 Mid  - America (Mexico, Central America, and
 Caribbean regions), 1900 - 1979, compiled at NOAA
 (Rinehart and others, 1982).
  Page 14
 (59 = NOAA) This catalog is a  listing  of
 world-wide historical earthquakes, 2150 B.C. -
 1991 (Paula K. Dunbar, Patricia A.  Lockridge,
 and Lowell S.  Whiteside, September 1992). The
 list includes all events that meet at least one of
 the following criteria:
 The following information was taken from the
 source document, Catalog of  Significant
 Earthquakes, 2150 B.C. -  1991  A.D. The
 information for the time period after 1991 is
 taken from the PDE (Preliminary Determination of
 Epicenters).  The file is now (1992 - 1994)
 updated and maintained by the United  States
 Geological Survey.  As it is extremely difficult
 to code all pertinent  information  into  an
 earthquake summary line, the user is encouraged to
 obtain the publication if at all possible.
 1. Moderate damage (approximately $1 million
 or more)
 2. Ten or more deaths
 3. Magnitude 7.5 or greater
 4.  Intensity X or greater (for  events
 lacking magnitude)
 The location of events prior to 1900 were given a
 latitude and longitude location based on the city
 where the damage occurred. Magnitudes are stated
 as Ms (Surface Wave) or the equivalent derived
 from intensities for pre-instrumental events.
 In the absence of a death toll  number,  a
 descriptor (Few = F, S = Some, M = Many ) was
 listed in literary sources. It is not known how
 the descriptors relate to numbers.
 To determine if the damage meets the damage
 criteria listed below, the dollar estimates at the
 time of the earthquake are converted to 1990
 United States dollar values. Monetary conversion
 tables for the time of the event were used to
 convert foriegn currency to dollars.
 When possible, a rough estimate of the dollar
 damage based upon the description provided. in
 order to choose the damage category.  The damage
 estimate is listed in the following categories:
 * U = Damage estimate unknown
 * L = LIMITED (corresponding to less than $1
  Page 15
 million)
 * M = MODERATE (corresponding to $1 to $5
 million)
 * S = SEVERE (corresponding to $5 to $25
 million)
 * E = EXTREME (corresponding to $25 million
 or more)
 In the absence of other information, LIMITED is
 considered synonymous with slight, minor, and
 light; SEVERE as synonymous with major, extensive,
 and  heavy;  and  EXTREME as synonymous with
 catastrophic.
 If a tsunami was generated by the earthquake, a
 "T" appears under the Tsunami Code under the
 Information column on the printout.
 In the source  publication,  the  number  of
 casualities was given; here in the data base, the
 USGS assigns the number of deaths to a 5 point
 classification  table. The  following  table
 illustrates how the alphabetic number corresponds
 to a casuality number.
 * A = 1 - 100
 * B = 101 - 1,000
 * C = 1,001 - 10,000
 * D = 10,000 - 100,000
 * E = Greater than 100,000
 The alphabetic letters are coded in the AUTHORITY
 column which is located between the Origin Time
 column and the Latitude column. The  first
 character of the AUTHORITY is the death toll; the
 second character is the damage estimate.  The
 explanation of the codes is listed under the
 AUTHORITY column.
 Duplicate earthquake entries have been removed
 from  the  file. It is possible that some
 duplicates exist in the file.  If a duplicate
 earthquake entry is identified, it is removed and
 the remaining earthquake entry is corrected so
 that it contains the largest given values for
 death tolls, damage, intensity, and magnitude.
 (51 = P&S) Catalog of world-wide earthquakes, 1900
  Page 16
 - 1989 (Pacheco and Sykes, 1992).  This is a
 seismic moment catalog. The  catalog  lists
 earthquakes with Ms magnitudes of 7.0 and larger
 and with depths less than or equal to 60 km.  The
 selected events were taken from the Abe Catalog
 (1981, 1984) and from Abe and Noguchi (1983).
 (10 = PAS) Catalog of earthquake in California,
 1932 - 1986, compiled at the California Institute
 of Technology at Pasadena (PAS), 1932 - 1985.
 Geographical extent:  31 degrees - 38 degrees
 North; 113 degrees - 121 degrees West.  File
 partially supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others,
 1985).
 (1 = PDE) Catalog of earthquakes located by the
 USGS NEIC and its predecessors in the U.S. Coast
 and Geodetic Survey, the National Oceanic Survey,
 and the Environmental Research Laboratories of the
 Department of Commerce.  Listings are in most
 cases the final hypocenters and magnitudes of the
 USGS NEIC which are listed in the Geological
 Survey publication, "Preliminary Determination of
 Epicenters - Monthly Listing". The global catalog
 includes events occurring from circa 1900 - to six
 months behind the current month.  It is the
 principal component of the data base. There are
 gaps in the temporal and geographic coverage of
 the catalog.  To get as complete coverage as
 possible for a given area, the user should search
 other catalogs that cover the time and area of
 interest. Part of the catalog was supplied by
 NOAA (Rinehart and others, 1985).
 (PDE-W) Weekly PDE file. This file
 covers the time period following
 the Monthly data up to four weeks
 behind  the  current week.  The
 preliminary Weekly PDE data  is
 replaced by the Monthly PDE data
 about seven months later.
 (PDE-Q) Daily PDE file (QED). This
 data is extremely preliminary and
 the parameters of the earthquake
 are subject to change as more data
 is used to locate the earthquakes.
 The daily PDE-Q data covers the
 time frame following the Weekly PDE
 data up to seven days behind the
 current  date. This  data  is
 replaced by the Weekly PDE data.
 (26 = PEK) This catalog contains eight Chinese
 shocks that occurred in 1959. It dates from the
  Page 17
 earliest years of the  data  base  and  its
 significance now i s not known. Catalog supplied
 by NOAA (Rinehart and others, 1985).
 (46 = PERU) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 Peru, 1900 - 1984 (Espinosa and others, 1985).
 This  catalog  lists  instrumentally  recorded
 earthquakes  from  various sources.  Duplicate
 earthquakes have been deleted.
 (38 = ROM) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 Romania, 984 - 1979 (Constantinescu and Marza,
 1980).
 (60 = ROTHE) World-wide earthquake catalog, 1953 -
 1965 (Rothe, 1969).  The epicentral coordinates
 given in this catalog are those recomputed by the
 ISS in the time period 1953 - 1959; for the period
 1960 - 1965 the coordinates are those computed by
 the  Preliminary  Determintaion  of Epicenters
 program. If earthquakes have been the subject of
 special studies, the coordinates proposed by the
 studies were used.  Earthquakes listed in this
 catalog have magnitudes that are greater than or
 equal to 5.5. Magnitude estimates represent the
 average  Ms  magnitudes computed by different
 seismograph stations or taken from other seismic
 networks after standardization as defined and
 published by Rothe.  Depth estimates are also
 given.
 (58 = SAFR) Catalog of South African earthquakes
 between latitudes 17 and 35 degrees south, and
 between longitudes 10 and 36 degrees east, 1620 -
 1970 (Fernandez and Guzman, 1979).
 (61 = SESN) The Southeastern Seismic Network
 catalog is a compilation of earthquakes which
 occurred in the states of Florida,  Georgia,
 Alabama, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia,
 southern part  of  West  Virginia,  Maryland,
 Delaware, and the eastern parts of Kentucky and
 Tennessee, 1698 - 1994. The catalog was prepared
 at the Virginia Tech Seismology Observatory by
 Matt Sibol (address: Virgina Tech Seismological
 Observatory, 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA
 24061-0420).
 (43 = SISRA) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 South America, 1471 - 1981, compiled in the course
 of the "Programa para la Mitigacion de  los
 Terremotos en la Region Andina", known as project
 SISRA (Askew and Algermissen, 1985).
 (8 = SRA) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in the
  Page 18
 eastern, central, and mountain states of the
 United States, 1534 - 1986 (Stover and others,
 1984).  An early version of the catalog was
 developed under the direction of S.T. Algermissen
 for the lower 48 states; updated and revised files
 have been published in a series of Miscellaneous
 Field  Studies  Maps.  The states of Nevada,
 California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii
 are not covered in this catalog.
 (23 = SSR) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in the
 U.S.S.R., 1122 - 1989 (Kondorskaya and Shebalin,
 1982). The catalog contains data from the the
 revised "New Catalog of Strong Earthquakes in the
 Territory of USSR from Ancient Times through
 1977".  The IPE in the magnitude authority column
 identifies this catalog. The remaining part of
 the catalog is made up from the Annual Book,
 "Earthquakes in the  USSR". The  two-letter
 abbreviation in the authority column identifies
 the source catalog for each seismic region.
 (16 = SYKES) List of hypocenters and magnitudes
 from papers by Sykes (1963, 1965, 1966, 1977),
 Sykes and Ewing (1964), and Sykes and Landisman
 (1964).  Catalog supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and
 others, 1985).
 (13 = USE) Catalog of felt earthquakes occurring
 in the United States and Territories, 1928 - 1972.
 Catalog supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others,
 1985).
 (52 = USHIS) Catalog of principal earthquakes in
 each of the 50 states in the United States, 1568 -
 1989 (Stover, C.W. and Coffman, J.  L., 1993).
 The catalog is a history of earthquakes which have
 magnitudes greater than or equal to 4.5 and
 intensity of VI or larger. Exceptions are the
 State of Alaska and offshore areas of California,
 Oregon, and Washington where the magnitude range
 was increased to greater than or equal to 5.5.
 (14 = USN) United States Network, 1534 - 1974,
 catalog supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others,
 1985). This is the original catalog prepared
 under the the direction of Ted Algermissen. The
 data file has been partially superceeded by the
 SRA catalog (compiled by Stover and others, 1984).
 (18 = UU) Catalog of earthquakes in and near Utah,
 1850 - November 1985, compiled by the University
 of Utah Seismographic Stations.  Shocks through
 June 1978 are listed by Arabasz and others (1979).
  Page 19
 (42 = WCAFR) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in
 and offshore of West Africa between 5 degrees
 South and 25 degrees North, 20 degrees West and 27
 degrees East, 1615 - 1984 (Ambraseys and Adams,
 1986b).
 (28 = WDS) Catalog of earthquakes occurring in New
 Zealand, 1460 - 1977, described by Smith (1976).
 Calalog supplied by NOAA (Rinehart and others,
 1985).
 DATE: Year,Month,Day - Year is preceded by a "-" to
 indicate B.C. date.
 ORIGIN TIME: Given in Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)
 AUTHORITY: The symbol follows the origin time and
 refers to the organization that supplied the
 origin time/coordinate parameters. A
 single-letter  code  followed by an ampersand
 indicates the parameters of the hypocenter were
 supplied  or  determined  by  a computational
 procedure not normally used by the NEIS.
 The authority column has been expanded to include
 other information than the authority source for
 the earthquake. Now it is possible for catalogs
 to have its own set of abbreviations.  When
 referring to the authority column, the user should
 check the catalog source.
 A  -  Parameters  of  explosion
 supplied by U.S.  Department of
 Energy or U.S. Atomic  Energy
 Commission (AEC).
 AC - Parameters of the hypocenter
 supplied by the Alaska Earthquake
 Information Center (AEIC).
 AM - Parameters of the hypocenter
 supplied  by  the University of
 Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
 B -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by University of
 California, Berkely, CA.
 C -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by the Pacific Geoscience
 Centre, Sidney, British Columbia,
 Canada.
 CL - Hypocenter parameters supplied
  Page 20
 by John Carroll  University,
 Cleveland, OH.
 D -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by the Oklahoma
 Geophysical Observatory, Tulsa, OK.
 E - Some or all parameters of
 explosion  (controlled/accidental)
 supplied by any group or individual
 other  than U.S.  Department of
 Energy  or  the  U.S. Atomic
 Commission (AEC).
 EC Catalog - (AU = Austria), (BE =
 Belgium), (SW = Switzerland), (GR =
 Federal Republic of Germany), (SP =
 Spain), (FR = France), (GB = Great
 Britain), (GK = Greece), (IR =
 Ireland), (ITALY = Italy), (NE =
 Netherlands), (PT = Portugal), (DN
 = Denmark).
 EUR Catalog - (KR =  Kirkenes,
 Norway),  (TI = Trieste, Italy;
 Osservatorio Geofisico
 Sperimentale), (ZR  =  Zurich,
 Switzerland;  supplied by D.
 Mayer-Rosa, ETH-Honggerberg), (FR =
 Federal  Republic  of Germany;
 Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften
 und Rohstoffe, Hanover;
 Seismologisches
 Zentralobservatorium, Grafenberg),
 (FE = Fennoscandiva; Bath, 1956;
 Panasenko, 1977), (UP = Uppsala,
 Sweden; 15  events  1957-1959;
 precise source unknown), and (BN =
 supplied by B. Massinon,
 Laboratorie de Detection et  de
 Geophysique, France).
 F -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by the State College of
 Pennsylvania, University Park, PA.
 FENN Catalog - (AJH [AJ] = Ahjos,
 Finland), (AMB [AM] = Ambraseys,
 Norway), (ANA [AN] = Ananin and
 Panasenko, Soviet Union), (BER [BR]
 = Bergen, Norway), (BKH [BK] =
 Norsar, North Sea), (BAT [BA] =
 Bath,  Sweden),  (COP  [CO] =
 Copenhagen, Denmark), (DOS [DO] =
 Doss, NW Soviet Union), (DSI [DS] =
  Page 21
 Nikonov and Sildvee [referring to
 Doss], NW Soviet Union), (ERW [ER]
 = Wahlstrim [referring to Erdmann],
 Sweden), (EKS [EK]  =  Ekstrim,
 Finland), (FOA [FO] = Slunga, et
 al.,  Sweden),  (GRE [GR] =
 Gregersen, Denmark), (GUW [GU] =
 Wahlstrim [referring to Gumaelius],
 Sweden),  (HJE  [HJ]  = Hjelme,
 Denmark), (HEL [HE] = Helsinki,
 Finland), (HOL [HO] = Holmqvist,
 Holmqvist and Wahlstrim, Sweden),
 (IGS [IG] = Institute of Geological
 Sciences, Edinburgh,  UK,  North
 Sea), (ISC [IS] = International
 Seismological Center), (IVO [IV] =
 Saari,  Finland),  (KAR  [KR] =
 Karjalainen, Finland), (KAT [KT] =
 Kataja, Finland), (KIM [KI] = Kim,
 et al., Sweden), (KJE  [KE]  =
 Kjellen,  Sweden),  (KJW [KW] =
 Wahlstrim, Sweden), (KOL [KL] =
 Kolderup,  Sweden), (KON [KN] =
 Kongsberg Seismographic  Station,
 Norway),  (KOR [KR] = Korhonen,
 Finland), (KSI [KS] = Nikonov and
 Sildvee, NW Soviet Union), (KVA
 [KV] = Kvale, Norway), (LEH [LE] =
 Lehman,  Denmark),  (LIW [LI] =
 Wahlstrim [referring to
 Linnarsson], Sweden), (MOS [MO] =
 World Data Center B, Moscow, NW
 Soviet Union), (MUW [MU] = Muir
 Wood and Woo, Norway), (MUI [MI] =
 Muir Wood et al., Norway), (NAO
 [NA] = Norsar, Norway), (NOW [NO] =
 Wahlstrim [referring to
 Nordenstrim], Sweden), (NSW [NS] =
 Wahlstrim [referring to  Nya
 Sldertalie Tidning], Sweden), (OPT
 [OP] = Optun, Norway), (PAN [PA] =
 Panasenko, NW Soviet Union), (PEN
 [PE] = Penttila, Finland ), (POR
 [PO] = Porkka  [see  Penttila],
 Finland), (REB  [RB]  =  Bath
 [referring to Renqvist], Sweden and
 Finland), (REN [RN] = Renqvist,
 Finland), (SEL [SE] = Sellevol et
 al., Norway), (SIL [SI] = Nikonov
 and Sildvee, NW Soviet Union), (SIW
 [SW]  = Wahlstrim [referring to
 Sidenbladh], Sweden), (SK [SK] =
 Siren and Korollef [see Penttila],
 Finland), (SLU [SL]  =  Slunga,
 Sweden),  (SVW [SV] = Wahlstrim
  Page 22
 [referring to Svedmark], Sweden),
 (TOW [TO] = Wahlstrim [referring to
 Tirnebohm], Sweden), (UPP [UP] =
 Uppsala, Sweden), (USGS [GS] = U.S.
 Geological Survey), (VES [VE] =
 Vesanen [see Penttila], Finland),
 (WAH [WA] = Wahlstrim and Ahjos,
 Sweden and Finland). Information
 for the three references, IAS, REW,
 and APA was not provided with the
 source document. Earthquakes
 associated with  these  source
 documents have a blank in  the
 authority column.
 G -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by the U.S. Geological
 Survey (USGS) for any area other
 than Island of Hawaii.
 GDR Catalog - (AM = Altmark); (BA =
 Bohemian Massif); (BM = Bavarian
 Molasse Basin); (BO = Lake  of
 Constance  Area); (CS = Central
 Saxony); (CT = Central Thuringia);
 (EI = Eifel Mountain Region); (EN =
 Eastern Netherland Bloc); (EW =
 Eastern Wuerttemberg);  (FA  =
 Frankonian Jura); (HM = Southern
 Harz  Mining  District);  (HS =
 Hessian Depression); (HU =
 Hunsrueck); (HZ = Harz Area); (KR =
 Krefeld Bloc); (MR = Middle Rhine
 Area); (MU = Muensterland); (NB =
 Lower  Rhine Area); (ND =
 Northeastern Germany);  (NF  =
 Northern Frankonia); (NW = Northern
 Black Forest); (NX = Northern Lower
 Saxony and Holstein); (OR = Upper
 Rhine Graben); (PS = Pfalz-Saar
 Area); (RF = Ringkoebing-Fyn High);
 (RS = Eastern Rhenish Massif); (RU
 = Ruhr Coal Mining District); (SA =
 Swabian Jura); (SJ = Swiss Jura);
 (SM = Saar Mining District); (SW =
 Southern Black Forest); (SX Souther
 Lower Saxony); (TI =
 Texel-Ijsselmeer  Bloc);  (TW  =
 Teutoburger Wald); (VE  =  Venn
 Area); (VG = Vogtland Region); (VO
 = Vosges Mountain Region); (WD =
 Northwestern Germany); (WR = Werra
 Potash Mining  District);  (  =
 Earthquake cannot be attached to a
 region).
  Page 23
 GL - Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by a USGS group located in
 Golden, CO.
 H -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied  by  the USGS Hawaiian
 Volcano Observatory.
 HJ - Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by seismograph station HOJ
 in Jamaica.
 HY - Hypocenter estimates furnished
 by  Eric  Hjortenberg,  Geodetic
 Institute of Denmark.
 I - Parameters of the hypocenter
 supplied  by  the  International
 Seismological Centre (ISC),
 Newbury, United Kingdom.
 INDIA Catalog -  (CH,  Chandra,
 Umesh, 1977); (RR, Rao and Rao,
 1984); (Tandon  and  Srivastava.
 1974); (SR, Srivastava and
 Ramachandran, 1983).
 J -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by St. Louis University,
 St. Louis, MO..
 K -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by the Tennessee
 Earthquake Information Center
 (TEIC), Memphis, TN.
 L -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by Lamont-Doherty
 Geological Observatory, Palisades,
 NY.
 LT - Local Time.
 M - Hypocenter based on
 macroseismic information.
 NOAA Catalog - ( U = Casualities
 and  Damage  Unknown);  (  M =
 Casualities Unknown, Damage
 Moderate);  (  S  = Casualities
 Unknown, Damage Severe); ( E =
 Casualities Unknown, Damage
 Extreme); (FU = Casualities Few,
 Damage Unknown); (FL = Casualities
 Few,  Damage  Limited);  (FM  =
  Page 24
 Casualities Few, Damage Moderate);
 (FS = Casualities  Few,  Damage
 Severe); (SU = Casualities Some,
 Damage Unknown); (SL = Casualities
 Some,  Damage  Limited);  (SM =
 Casualities Some, Damage Moderate);
 (SS  =  Casualties Some, Damage
 Severe); (MU = Casualities Many,
 Damage Unknown); (ML = Casualities
 Many, Damage  Limited);  (MM  =
 Casualities Many, Damage Moderate);
 (MS = Casualities Many,  Damage
 Severe); (ME = Casualties Many,
 Damage Extreme); (AU = Casualities
 1-100,  Damage  Unknown); [AL =
 Casualitites 1-100, Damage
 Limited); (AM = Casualities 1-100,
 Damage Moderate); (AS = Casualities
 1-100,  Damage  Severe);  (AE =
 Casualities 1-100, Damage Extreme);
 (BU = Casualities 101-1000, Damage
 Unknown);  (BL = Casualities
 101-1000,Damage  Limited); (BM =
 Casualities 101-1000, Damage
 Moderate); (BS  =  Casualities
 101-1000, Damage Severe); (BE =
 Casualities 101-1000, Damage
 Extreme);  (CU = Casualities
 1001-10,000, Damage Unknown); (CL =
 Casualities  1001-10,000,  Damage
 limited); (CM =  Casualities
 1001-10,000, Damage Moderate); (CS
 = Casualitites 1001-10,000, Damage
 Severe); (CE = Casualities
 1001-10,000, Damage Extreme); (DU =
 Casualities 10,001-100,000, Damage
 Unknown); (DL =  Casualities
 10,001-100,000, Damage  Limited);
 (DM = Casualities 10,001-100,000,
 Damage Moderate); (DS = Casualities
 10,001-100,000, Damage Severe); (DE
 = Casualities 10,001-100,000,
 Damage Extreme); (EU = Casualities
 greater  than  100,000, Damage
 Unknomn); (EM = Casualities greater
 than 100,000, Damage Moderate); (ES
 = Casualities greater than 100,000,
 Damage Severe); (EE = Casualities
 greater than  100,000,  Damage
 Extreme)
 O -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by Seismological Service
 of Canada, Ottawa.
  Page 25
 P -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by California Institute of
 Technology, Pasadena, CA.
 Q -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied  by  Apia  Observatory,
 Samoa.
 R -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by University of Nevada,
 Reno, NV.
 RL - International Seismological
 Centre (ISC) solution restrained to
 given location.
 S - An NEIS solution based on a
 local crustal model, or calculated
 with methods not routinely applied
 by NEIS.
 SSR Catalog - (AL = Altai and
 Sayany); (AT = Antarctica); (AR =
 Arctic and Chukota); (BL = Baltic);
 (BK = Baikal); (CA = Caucasus); (CM
 = Crimea and Lower Kuban); (CP =
 Carpathians); (KM = Kamchatatka and
 Komandors); (KL = Kuril Islands);
 (MA = Central Asia and Kazakhstan);
 (NT = Northern Tian-Shan); (NE =
 Northeast  of the USSR); (PR =
 Primor'e  and  Amur); (SK =
 Sakhalin); (TR = Turkmenia
 (Kopetdag)); and (YA = Yakutia).
 T -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied  by Weston Observatory,
 Weston, MA.
 TV - Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by the Tennessee Valley
 Authority in Tennessee.
 U -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by University of Utah,
 Salt Lake City, UT.
 V -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by Virginia Polytechnic
 Institute and State  University,
 Blacksburg, VA.
 W -  Parameters  of  hypocenter
 supplied by University of
 Washington, Seattle, WA.
  Page 26
 X - Time not reported.
 Z -  Noninstrumental  time  and
 location.
 ** - SSR data file.  The  two
 asterisks indicate doubtful data in
 at least one of the  following
 areas: date, origin time,
 coordinates.
 * -  Less  reliable  hypocenter
 determination  by the PDE using
 incomplete or less reliable data.
 Beginning  in  January 1985, in
 general, the geometric mean of the
 semi-major and semi-minor axes of
 the  horizontal  90%  confidence
 ellipse is greater than 8.5 km and
 less than or equal to 16.0 km.
 ? - Poor solution - accuracy is
 considered to be below normal NEIS
 publication criteria. Beginning in
 January  1985,  in general, the
 geometric mean of the semi-major
 and semi-minor  axes  of  the
 horizontal  90%  confidence is
 greater  than  16.0  km. This
 includes a poor solution computed
 using data reported by a single
 network.
 % - A non-furnished hypocenter has
 been computed using data reported
 by a single network of stations for
 which the data and/or origin time
 cannot be confirmed from
 seismograms available to an NEIS
 analysts. All other parameters are
 considered to be consistent with
 normal NEIS publication criteria.
 LATITUDE: Negative value = South.
 LONGITUDE: Negative value = West.
 DEPTH: Value carried to the whole kilometer.
 DEPTH CONTROL:
 A = Assigned.
 D = Depth restrained based on 2 or more compatible
 pP phases and/or unidentified secondary arrivals
  Page 27
 used as pP.
 N = Restrained to normal depth (33 km).
 G = Restrained by geophysicist.
 S = Depth control aided by S-phase data.
 % = Questionable value (SSR catalog).
 * = Less reliable depth estimate.  Accuracy of
 depth lies between 8.5 km and 16 km based on 90%
 confidence ellipse.
 ?  = Poor depth estimate; depth accuracy is
 estimated to be greater than 16 km based on 90%
 confidence ellipse.
 Blank = Good depth estimate and depth unrestrained
 in contributed hypocenters from other networks.
 Depth accuracy is estimated to be less than 8.5 km
 based on 90% confidence ellipse.
 pP: Number of contributed pP depth phases and/or
 unidentified phases used as pP phases in the computed
 solution.
 STN DEV:  Standard deviation of the  arrival-time
 residuals for the computed solution.
 MAGNITUDES: Magnitude, a logarithmic measure of the
 "size" of an earthquake, is related to the energy
 released as seismic waves at the  focus  of  an
 earthquake.  Although the magnitude scale has neither
 "top" nor "bottom" values, the highest magnitude known
 was  about 9.5, the lowest about -3.0.  On this
 logarithmic scale, a magnitude  6.0  shallow-focus
 earthquake represents elastic-wave energy about 30
 times larger than that generated by a magnitude 5.0
 earthquake, 900 times (30x30) larger than that of a
 magnitude 4.0 shock.
 Many factors influence the determination of earthquake
 magnitude, including focal depth, distance between
 earthquake focus and observing station,  frequency
 content of the sampled energy, and earthquake radiation
 pattern.
 Magnitude values calculated by the USGS with a brief
 description  of  parameters  are shown below (see
 paragraphs under Contributed Magnitudes for appropriate
 references):
 Surface-wave (Ms): Magnitudes are computed for
 earthquakes that are located at distances between
  Page 28
 20 and 160 geocentric degrees from the recieving
 station, seismic-wave period between 18 and 22
 seconds, and depth is less than 50 km (generally
 Ms magnitudes are not computed for depths greater
 than 50 km.
 Body-wave (mb):  Magnitude values are computed
 based on the seismic-wave period greater than or
 equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 3.0, and
 distance is greater than or equal to 5 degrees.
 Moment Magnitude (Mw): The magnitude is computed
 from the long-period body- and mantle-wave moment
 tensor inversion method; it is also determined to
 the product of the area of the earthquake fault,
 multiplied by the average fault slip over that
 area and by the shear modulus of the fault rocks.
 The Mw value is approximately the same as the Ms
 magnitude value.
 Local Magnitudes:
 Local Magnitude (ML):  This magnitude is
 generally referred to as the true "Richter
 magnitude" (originally defined for
 California).  The values are computed for
 distances less than 600 km with depths less
 than 70 km. These estimates are computed in
 the western part of the United States as well
 as world-wide.
 Local or Regional Magnitude (Mn or MbLg):
 This value is calculated for the area east of
 Rocky Mountains. It is computed from the
 vertical component 1-second Lg seismic-waves
 (short-period surface waves).
 Other Magnitudes:
 Duration Magnitudes (MD):  These estimates
 are derived from the duration or coda length
 of earthquake vibrations. Duration or coda
 length magnitude scales normally adjusted to
 agree with ML or Mn estimates.  The MD
 formulas  vary  for  different geographic
 regions and for  different  seismographic
 instruments.
 Felt Area Magnitudes (FA or  MI): The
 estimate is compatible with the mb estmated.
 It is commonly computed from the felt area
 for  earthquakes occurring before seismic
 instruments were in  general  use. The
 estimates are based on isoseismal maps or
 defined areas using  intensity-attenuation
  Page 29
 relationships.
 Unknown Magnitudes (UK):  The computational
 method  was  unknown  and  could not be
 determined from published sources.
 The magnitude section of the earthquake line consist of
 two parts: magnitude values (mb and MS) determined by
 the National Earthquake Information Service (NEIS); and
 the Contributed  Magnitude  values  provided  by
 organizations other than NEIS.  The headings listed
 below contain the given information:
 mb = Average NEIS body-wave magnitude.
 OBS = Number of mb amplitudes used in the mb
 magnitude computation.
 Ms = Average NEIS surface-wave magnitude (if
 given, Z = vertical component, H = horizonatal
 component).
 OBS = Number  of  amplitudes  used  in  the
 surface-wave magnitude computation.
 CONTRIBUTED  MAGNITUDES: Organizations that
 operate a station network may contribute magnitude
 values to the NEIS.  The value may have been
 calculated from one station or it may be an
 average magnitude value from a number of stations
 in  the  network. Two magnitude values are
 possible. The second value is coded on a line
 immediately  beneath  the  first  value.  The
 contributed magnitude field  consists  of  11
 characters:  positions 1-4 = magnitude value;
 positions 5-6 = magnitude scale; and postions 7-11
 = organization source; if blank, the catalog
 listed under catalog source  is  the  source
 organization.
 A number of magnitude scales are defined by source
 agencies or institutions. The list of magnitude
 scales in the data base include:  (UK = Unknown
 magnitude scale); (Ms = Surface-wave magnitude;
 Bath, 1966); (mb = Body-wave magnitude; Gutenberg
 and  Richter,  1956); (ML = Local magnitude;
 Richter, 1958); (Mn = Nuttli magnitude; Nuttli,
 1973); (MD = Coda-length magnitude); (FA or MI =
 Felt area magnitude; approximately equivalent to
 an  mb  value);  (mB = Broad-band, body-wave
 magnitude; Abe (1981, 1982, 1984),  Abe  and
 Kanamori, 1979, and Abe and Noguchi (1983a,b); (Mw
 = Moment magnitude, Hanks and Kanamori, 1979); (Mz
 = Magnitude based on the cycles/second of the
 Sg-phase); (MI = Magnitude computed from the
  Page 30
 epicentral intensity value); and (K = Energy class
 magnitude value; Kondorskaya and others, 1982).
 Flinn-Engdahl Geographic Region Numbers (Header F-E):
 A number that is assigned to each geographic region on
 the globe (Flinn and others, 1974).
 STA (Header STA): This is a mix of alphabetic and
 numeric characters.  The numeric character indicate
 number of stations used in the computation. Alphabetic
 characters  recognize  the  quality indicators for
 earthquakes from the following sources.
 G-R: Three-letter combination (epicenter, origin
 time, depth):
 A = Very accurate.
 B = Good.
 C = Fair.
 D = Poor.
 MOS:  Two-letter or letter/symbol  combination
 (epicenter, depth):
 A = Best accuracy.
 B = Very good.
 N = Good.
 V = Fair.
 * = Poor.
 PAS: Single-letter designator:
 A = Specially investigated.
 B = Epicenter probably within 5 km;
 origin time to nearest second.
 C = Epicenter probably within 15
 km; origin time to a few seconds.
 D = Epicenter not known within 15
 km; rough location.
 BRK: Single-letter designator:
  Page 31
 A = Accurate epicenter.
 B = Good.
 C = Fair.
 D = Poor.
 WEL: Single-letter designator:
 A = accurate epicenter.
 B = Good.
 C = Fair.
 D = Poor.
 SRA: Single-letter designator:
 A = Epicenter accuracy estimated to
 be within 0.0 - 0.1 degrees.
 B = Epicenter accuracy estimated to
 be within 0.1 - 0.2 degrees.
 C = Epicenter accuracy estimated to
 be within 0.2 - 0.5 degrees.
 D = Epicenter accuracy estimated to
 be within 0.5 - 1.0 degrees.
 E = Epicenter accuracy estimated to
 be 1.0 or larger degrees.
 F  =  Noninstrumental  epicenter
 accuracy is estimated to be within
 0.0 - 0.5 degrees.
 G  =  Noninstrumental  epicenter
 accuracy is estimated to be within
 0.5 - 1.0 degrees.
 H  =  Noninstrumental  epicenter
 accuracy is estimated to be within
 1.0 - 2.0 degrees.
 I  =  Noninstrumental  epicenter
 accuracy is estimated to be 2.0 -
 larger degrees.
 EPB: Single-letter designator (1983 - 1984 data):
  Page 32
 F = Solution of good quality.
 O = Solution of fair quality.
 CDMG: Single-letter designator (pre-1900 events
 only):
 A - Epicentral uncertainty probably
 not more than 15 km, or the fault
 rupture is identified.
 B - Epicentral uncertainty probably
 not more than 30 km.
 C - Epicentral uncertainty probably
 not more than 60 km.
 D - Epicentral uncertainty more
 than 60 km.
 E - No epicenter is estimated; the
 coordinates  given  are  of the
 reporting locality when only one
 locality reports the earthquake, or
 of a convenient intermediate point
 when the earthquake is reported
 from more than one locality.
 SSR: Three-letter quality code represents the
 standard error in origin time, coordinates, and
 magnitude:
 A - 1  sec 0.01 deg. 0.1 units  
 B - 2  sec 0.02 deg. 0.2 units
 C - 5  sec 0.05 deg. 0.3 units
 D - 10 sec 0.1 deg. 0.5 units
 E - 20 sec 0.2 deg. 0.7 units
 F - 1  min 0.5 deg. 1.0 units
 G - 10 min 1.0 deg. 2.0 units
 H - 1  hr 2.0 deg. 
 I - 6  hr 5.0 deg.
 J - 1  day
 K - 1  month
  Page 33
 L - 1  year
 M - 10 year
 N - 100 year
 EPRI: Single-letter quality code:
 A - +/- = 5 km.
 B - +/- = 10 km.
 C - +/- = 25 km.
 D - +/- = 50 km.
 E - +/- = 100 km.
 INFORMATION: Dots are coded in place of blanks to aid
 in the distinction between the columnar values. Read
 the sub-headers vertically.
 Intensity (sub-header INT): The Modified Mercalli
 Intensity Scale of 1931 is listed on page 36 (Wood
 and Neumann, 1931): intensity values (1 - 9; X =
 10; E = 11; T = 12).
 Cultural Effects (sub-header EFF): The most severe
 effect is listed (C = Casualities; D = Damage; F =
 Felt; H = Heard).
 Isoseismal Map (sub-header MAP): Coded to reflect
 the general publication source.
 U = United States Earthquakes.
 E = Earthquake Notes.
 P = Preliminary Determination of
 Epicenters (monthly listing).
 W  =  Wellington  (New  Zealand
 Seismology  Reports,  Wellington,
 N.Z.).
 N = Nature Magazine.
 S = Bulletin of the Seismological
 Society of America.
  Page 34
 Fault Plane Solution (sub-header FPS): Coded as an
 "F" to indicate the availability of a fault plane
 solution  in  the  publication, "Preliminary
 Determination of Epicenters, Monthly Listing".
 Moment Tensor Solution (sub-header MO): Coded as an
 "G" to indicate the availability of a moment
 tensor solution in the publication "Preliminary
 Determination  of Epicenters, Monthly Listing"
 (Sipkin, 1982; Dziewonski, 1980; and Hanks and
 others, 1979).
 ISC Alternate Depth Indicator (sub-header DEP):  A
 "D" in this column indicates that a pP depth is
 given, but the pP depth is not the adopted depth
 in the hypocenter solution.
 International Data Exchange (sub-header IDE):  An
 "X" in this column identifies the event as a "IDE"
 earthquake.
 Preferred Solution (sub-header PFD): A "P" in this
 column designates a preferred  solution.
 Earthquake hypocenters which are located within a
 seismic network, such as Pasadena or Berkeley, or
 seismic catalogs which have undergone critical
 review during their compilation will be designated
 as a preferred solution.
 Flag (sub-header FLG): Currently not used.
 PHENOMENA (sub-header DTSVNWG):
 Diastrophism Code: (sub-header D)
 F = Faulting.
 U = Uplift.
 S = Subsidence.
 3 = Uplift and Subsidence.
 4 = Uplift and Faulting.
 5 = Faulting and Subsidence.
 6 = Faulting with Uplift and Subsidence.
  Page 35
 7 = Uplift or Subsidence.
 8 = Faulting and Uplift or Subsidence.
 Tsunami Code: (sub-header T)
 T = Tsunami generated.
 Q = Questionable Tsunami.
 Seiche Code: (sub-header S)
 S = Seiche.
 Q = Questionable Seiche.
 Volcanism Code: (sub-header V)
 V  =  Earthquake associated with
 volcanism.
 Non-Tectonic Code: (sub-header N)
 E = Explosion.
 I = Collapse.
 C = Coal bump or Rock burst in coal
 mine.
 R = Rockburst.
 M = Meteoritic.
 N = Either known to be or likely to be
 of non-tectonic origin.
 ? = Classified as an earthquake, but a
 non-tectonic origin cannot be ruled out.
 V = Reservoir induced earthquake.
 Guided Waves in Atmospheric And/Or Ocean Code:
 (sub-header W)
 T = T-wave.
 A = Acoustic wave.
 G = Gravity wave.
  Page 36
 B = Both A and G.
 M = T-wave plus and A or G.
 Ground, Soil,  Water  Table  Response  and
 Atmospheric Phenomena Code: (sub-header G)
 L = Liquefaction.
 G = Geyser.
 S = Landslides and/or Avalanches.
 B = Sand Blows.
 C = Ground cracks not known to be an
 expression of faulting.
 V = Lights or other visual phenomena
 seen.
 O = Olfactory (Unusual odors noted).
 M = More than one response.
 RADIAL DISTANCE: On radius searches, the distance in
 kilometers  between  designated  input  point  and
 earthquake location. The distance value is truncated
 to the whole kilometer.
  Page 37
 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (Unabridged)
 (Wood and Neumann, 1931)
 I.  Not felt - or, except rarely under  especially  favorable
 circumstances.  Under certain conditions, at and outside the boundary
 of the area in which a great shock is felt; sometimes, birds, animals,
 reported  uneasy  or  disturbed;  sometimes dizziness or nausea
 experienced; sometimes trees, structures, liquids, bodies of water,
 may sway--doors may swing, very slowly.
 II. Felt indoors by few, especially on upper floors, or by sensitive
 or nervous persons. Also, as in grade I, but often more noticeably:
 sometimes hanging objects may swing, especially where delicately
 suspended; sometimes trees, structures, liquids, bodies of water, may
 sway, doors may swing, very slowly; sometimes birds, animals, reported
 uneasy or disturbed; sometimes dizziness or nausea experienced.
 III.  Felt indoors by several, motion usually rapid vibration.
 Sometimes not recognized to be an earthquake at first. Duration
 estimated in some cases. Vibration like that due to passing of light
 or lightly loaded trucks, or heavy trucks some distance away. Hanging
 objects may swing slightly. Movements may be appreciable on upper
 levels of tall structures. Rocked standing motor cars slightly.
 IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. Awakened few, especially
 light sleepers. Frightened no one, unless apprehensive from previous
 experience. Vibrations like that due to passing of heavy, or heavily
 loaded trucks.  Sensation like heavy body striking building, or
 falling of heavy objects inside. Rattling of dishes, windows, doors;
 glassware or crockery clink and clash. Creaking of walls, frame,
 especially in the upper range of this grade. Hanging objects swung,
 in numerous instances.  Disturbed liquids in open vessels. Rock
 standing motor cars noticeably.
 V. Felt indoors by practically all, outdoors by many or most:
 outdoors direction estimated.  Awakened many, or most. Frightened
 few--slight excitement, a few ran outdoors.  Buildings trembled
 throughout. Broke dishes, glassware, to some extent.  Cracked
 windows--in some cases, but not generally. Overturned vases, small or
 unstable objects, in many instances, with occasional fall. Hanging
 objects, doors, swing generally or considerably.  Knocked pictures
 against walls, or swung them out of place. Opened, or closed, doors,
 shutters, abruptly. Pendulum clocks stopped, started, or ran fast, or
 slow.  Moved small objects, furnishings, the latter to slight extent.
 Spilled liquids in small amounts from well-filled open containers.
 Trees, bushes, shaken slightly.
 VI. Felt by all, indoors and outdoors. Frightened many, excitement
 general, some bushes shaken slightly to moderately. Liquid set in
 strong motion. Small church bells rang--church, chapel, school, etc.
 Damage slight in poorly built buildings. Fall of plaster in small
 amount. Cracked plaster somewhat, especially fine cracks in chimneys
 in some instances. Broke dishes, glassware in considerable quanity,
 also some windows. Fall of knickknacks, books, pictures.  Overturned
 furniture in many instances. Moved furnishings of moderately heavy
  Page 38
 kind.
 VII. Frightened all--general alarm, all ran outdoors. Some, or many,
 found it difficult to stand. Noticed by persons driving motor cars.
 Trees and bushes shaken moderately to strongly.  Waves on ponds,
 lakes,  and running water.  Water turbid from mud stirred up.
 In-caving to some extent of sand or gravel streambanks.  Rang large
 church  bells, etc.  Suspended objects made to quiver.  Damage
 negligible in buildings of good design and construction, slight to
 moderate in well-built ordinary buildings, considerable in poorly
 built or badly designed buildings, adobe houses, old walls (especially
 where laid up without mortar), spires, etc. Cracked chimneys to
 considerable extent, walls to some extent.  Fall of plaster in
 considerable to large amount, also some stucco.  Broke numerous
 windows, furniture to some extent. Shook down loosened brickwork and
 tiles.  Broke weak chimneys at the roofline (sometimes damaging
 roofs). Fall of cornices from towers and high buildings.  Dislodged
 bricks and stones.  Overturned heavy furniture, with damage from
 breaking. Damage considerable to concrete irrigation ditches.
 VIII. Fright general--alarm approaches panic.  Disturbed persons
 driving motor cars.  Trees shaken strongly--branches, trunks broken
 off, especially palm trees. Ejected sand and mud in small amounts.
 Changes:  temporary, permanent; in flows of springs and wells; dry
 wells renewed flow; in temperature of spring and well waters.  Damage
 slight  in  structures  (brick)  built  especially to withstand
 earthquakes. Considerable in ordinary substantial buildings, partial
 collapse:  racked, tumbled down, wooden houses in some cases; threw
 out panel walls in frame structures, broke off decayed piling.  Fall
 of walls. Cracked, broke, solid stone walls seriously. Wet ground to
 some extent, also ground on steep slopes.  Twisting, fall, of
 chimneys, columns, mouments, also factory stacks, towers. Moved
 conspicuously, overturned, very heavy furniture.
 IX. Panic  general. Cracked  ground  conspicuously. Damage
 considerable in (masonry) structures built especially to withstand
 earthquakes: threw out of plum some wood-frame houses built to
 withstand earthquakes; great in substantial (masonry) buildings, some
 collapse in large part; or wholly shifted frame buildings off
 foundations, racked frames; serious to reservoirs; underground pipes
 sometimes broken.
 X. Cracked ground, especially where loose and wet, up to widths of
 serveral inches; fissures up to a yard in width ran parallel to canal
 and streambanks. Landslides considerable from riverbanks and steep
 coasts.  Shifted sand and mud horizonatally on beaches and flat land.
 Changed level of water in wells. Threw water on banks of canals,
 lakes, rivers, etc.  Damage serious to dams, dikes, embankments.
 Severe to well-built wooden structures and bridges, some destroyed.
 Developed dangerous cracks in excellent brick walls. Destroyed most
 masonry and frame structures, also their foundations.  Bent railroad
 rails slightly.  Tore apart, or crushed endwise, pipelines buried in
 earth. Open cracks and broad wavy folds in cement pavements and
 asphalt road surfaces.
  Page 39
 XI. Disturbances in ground many and widespread, varying with ground
 material.  Broad fissures, earth slumps, and land slips in soft, wet
 ground. Ejected water in large amounts charged with sand and mud.
 Caused sea waves ("tidal" waves) of significant magnitude. Damage
 severe to wood-frame structures, especially near shock centers. Great
 to dams, dikes, embankements, often for long distances. Few, if any,
 (masonry) structures remained standing.  Destroyed large well-built
 bridges by the wrecking of supporting piers, or pillars. Affected
 yielding wooden bridges less. Bent railroad rails greatly, and thrust
 them endwise.  Put pipelines buried in earth completely out of
 service.
 XII. Damage total--practically all works of construction damaged
 greatly or destroyed.  Disturbances in ground great and varied,
 numerous shearing cracks. Landslides, falls of rock of significant
 character, slumping of riverbanks, etc., numerous and extensive.
 Wrenched loose, tore off, large rock masses.  Fault slips in firm
 rock, with notable horizontal and vertical offset displacements.
 Water channels, surface and underground, disturbed and modified
 greatly.  Dammed lakes, produced waterfalls, deflected rivers, etc.
 Waves seen on ground surfaces (actually seen, probably, in some
 cases).  Distorted lines of sight and level. Threw objects upward
 into the air.
  Page 40
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 gaps, and earthquake prediction for Alaska and the Aleutians: Journal
 of Geophysical Research, v. 76, no. 32p. 8021 - 8041.
 Sykes, Lynn, R., and Ewing, Maurice, 1964, The Seismicity of the Caribbean
 Region:  Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 70, no. 20, p. 5065 -
 5074.
  Page 46
 Sykes, Lynn R., and Landisman, Mark, 1964, The Seismicity of East Africa,
 the Gulf of Aden, and the Arabian and the Red Seas: Bulletin of the
 Seismological Society of America, v. 54, no. 6, p. 1927 - 1940.
 Tandon, A.N., and Srivastava, H.N., 1974, Earthquake occurrence in India:
 Earthquake Engineering (Jai Krishna Vol.), pp.  1 - 48, Sarita
 Prakashan, Meerut.
 Toppozada, T.R., Real, C.R., Bezore, S.P., and Parke, D.L.,  1984,
 Preparation of isoseismal maps and summaries of reported effects for
 pre-1900 California earthquakes, Contract Number:  14-08-0001-18243;
 California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento, Calif., 95186.
 Wood, Harry O.  and Neumann, Frank, Dec.  1931:  Modified mercalli
 intensity scale of 1931, Bulletin Seismological Society of America, v.
 21, no. 4, p. 277-283.
  Page 47
 EXAMPLE OF HDS FORMAT 1 (SR.DAT)
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * E A R T H Q U A K E D A T A B A S E S Y S T E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 FILE CREATED:  9-JUN-1988 10:20:49.46 
 Global Search  Earthquakes= 11
 Year: 1987 -  1987
 Magnitude: 7.0  - 9.9 
 Selected Earthquakes With Known Magnitude Estimates
 Selected Catalogs: HDS
 CATALOG  D A T E ORIGIN ***COORDINATES** DEPTH pP STN *****M A G N I T U D E S**** F-E STA ****INFORMATION****  RADIAL
 SOURCE YEAR MO DA TIME LAT. LONG. km DEV mb OBS Ms  OBS CONTRIBUTED REG IEMFMDIPF PHENOMENA DIST
 VALUES NFAPOEDFL DTSVNWG km
 TFPS PEDG
 GS 1987 01 30 222942.09  -60.063 -26.916  47 D 17 1.41|6.2 23|7.0Z 26|6.90MsBRK | 153 172 ...FG.... .......
 |6.80MsPAS |
 GS 1987 02 08 183358.39 -6.088 147.689  54 1.31| |7.4Z 21|7.60MsBRK | 207 290 7C.FG.... ......M
 |7.00MsPAS |
 GS 1987 03 05 091705.28  -24.388 -70.161  62 G 1.21|6.5 66|7.3Z 16|7.20MsBRK | 122 303 6C.FG.... .T.....
 |7.00MsPAS |
 GS 1987 03 06 041041.96 0.151 -77.821  10 G 1.22|6.5 51|6.9Z 21|7.00MsBRK | 106 344 .C.FG.... ......S
 |6.70MsPAS |
 GS 1987 07 06 024942.78  -14.074 167.828  47 0.98|5.9 52|6.6Z 23|7.10MsBRK | 186 304 .F..G.... .T.....
 |6.50MsPAS |
 GS 1987 09 03 064013.91  -58.893 158.513  33 N 1.03|5.9 43|7.3Z 20|7.70MsBRK | 167 292 ....G.... .......
 |6.90MsPAS |
 GS 1987 10 06 041906.08  -17.940 -172.225  16 G 1.03|6.7 36|7.3Z 26|7.30MsBRK | 174 455 .F.FG.... .T.....
 |7.20MsPAS |
 GS 1987 10 16 204801.64 -6.266 149.060  47 G 1.24|5.9 26|7.4Z 22|7.70MsBRK | 192 345 8D.FG.... .T.....
 |7.00MsPAS |
 GS 1987 10 25 165405.69 -2.323 138.364  33 N 1.12|6.2 43|7.0Z 19|6.70MsBRK | 201 290 .F.F..... .......
 |6.70MsPAS |
 GS 1987 11 17 084653.32AS 58.586 -143.270  10 G |6.6 76|6.9Z 19|7.00MsBRK | 015 581 5FUFG.... .T.....
 |7.00MLPMR |
 GS 1987 11 30 192319.59 58.679 -142.786  10 G |6.7 57|7.6Z 11|7.70MsBRK | 015 584 6DUFG.X.. .T.....
  Page 48
 EXAMPLE OF HDS FORMAT 2 (VX.DAT)
GS 1987 0130222942.09 -60.063 -26.916 47 D171.416.2237.0Z266.90MsBRK 6.80MsPAS 153172...FG........... 
GS 1987 0208183358.39  -6.088 147.689 54 1.31 7.4Z217.60MsBRK 7.00MsPAS 2072907C.FG..........M 
GS 1987 0305091705.28 -24.388 -70.161 62 G 1.216.5667.3Z167.20MsBRK 7.00MsPAS 1223036C.FG.....T..... 
GS 1987 0306041041.96 0.151 -77.821 10 G 1.226.5516.9Z217.00MsBRK 6.70MsPAS 106344.C.FG..........S 
GS 1987 0706024942.78 -14.074 167.828 47 0.985.9526.6Z237.10MsBRK 6.50MsPAS 186304.F..G.....T..... 
GS 1987 0903064013.91 -58.893 158.513 33 N 1.035.9437.3Z207.70MsBRK 6.90MsPAS 167292....G........... 
GS 1987 1006041906.08 -17.940-172.225 16 G 1.036.7367.3Z267.30MsBRK 7.20MsPAS 174455.F.FG.....T..... 
GS 1987 1016204801.64  -6.266 149.060 47 G 1.245.9267.4Z227.70MsBRK 7.00MsPAS 1923458D.FG.....T..... 
GS 1987 1025165405.69  -2.323 138.364 33 N 1.126.2437.0Z196.70MsBRK 6.70MsPAS 201290.F.F............ 
GS 1987 1117084653.32AS 58.586-143.270 10 G 6.6766.9Z197.00MsBRK 7.00MLPMR 0155815FUFG.....T..... 
GS 1987 1130192319.59  58.679-142.786 10 G 6.7577.6Z117.70MsBRK 7.10MLPMR 0155846DUFG.X...T..... 
  VX FORMAT DESCRIPTION (character positon)
 POSITION  POSITION
  1-5 Catalog Source (a5) 69-70  Mag1. Scale (a2)
  6-11  Year (a6) 71-75  Mag1 Donor (a5)
 12-13  Month (i2) 76-79  Magnitude2 (f4.2)
 14-15  Day (i2) 80-81  Mag2. Scale (a2)
 16-24  Origin Time (f9.2) 82-86  Mag2 Donor (a5)
 25-26  Coordinate/OT Auth.(a2) 87-89  Region Number (i3)
 27-33  Latitude (f7.3) [-=South] 90-92  Sta. No./Qual. (a3)
 34-41  Longitude (f8.3) [-=West] 93 Io value (a1)
 42-44  Depth (i3) 94 Cultural Effect (a1)
 47 Depth Control Designator (a1) 95 Isoseismal Map (a1)
 48-49  pP Phases( i2) 96 Fault Plane Sol. (a1)
 50-53  Stn. Dev.(4.2) 97 Moment Flag (a1)
 54-56  mb magnitude (f3.1) 98 ISC Depth Flag (a1)
 57-58  mb obs (i2)  99 IDE Flag (a1)
 59-61  Ms magnitude (f3.1) 100 Preferred Flag (a1)
 62 Z/H Component (a1) 101 Flag (a1)
 63-64  Ms obs. (i2) 102-108 Phenomena Codes (7a1)
 65-68  Magnitude1 (f4.2) 109-115 Radial Distance (a7)
  Page 49
 EXAMPLE OF HDS FORMAT 4 (STAT.DAT)
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * E A R T H Q U A K E D A T A B A S E S Y S T E M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 FILE CREATED:  9-JUN-1988 10:14:34.18 
 Global Search  Earthquakes= 79386
 Year: 1980 -  1987
 Selected Catalogs: HDS
 MagnitudeDepth Statistical Summary
 YEAR MAGNITUDES TOTAL
 ------  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------
 UNKNOWN < 3.0 3.0-3.9 4.0-4.9 5.0-5.9 6.0-6.9 7.0-7.9 8.0-8.9 9.0-9.9 
 1980 | 853 | 81 | 1725 | 3271 | 1299 | 105 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 7348
 1981 | 1155 | 112 | 1082 | 3209 | 1168 | 90 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 6829
 1982 | 1694 | 173 | 1128 | 3232 | 1425 | 85 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 7747
 1983 | 2588 | 300 | 1578 | 3563 | 1673 | 126 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 9842
 1984 | 3074 | 479 | 1579 | 3683 | 1579 | 91 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 10493
 1985 | 4240 | 1032 | 1764 | 4281 | 1674 | 110 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 13115
 1986 | 3218 | 1322 | 1942 | 4476 | 1665 | 89 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 12718
 1987 | 2643 | 1139 | 1806 | 4146 | 1437 | 112 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11294
 TOTAL 19465 4638 12604 29861 11920 808 87 3 0 79386
  YEAR  DEPTH (km) TOTAL
 ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------
 UNKNOWN 0 - 70 71 - 300 301 - 600 > 600 
 1980 | 0 | 5769 | 1279 | 265 | 35 | 7348
 1981 | 0 | 5295 | 1312 | 189 | 33 | 6829
 1982 | 0 | 6087 | 1430 | 198 | 32 | 7747
 1983 | 0 | 7891 | 1651 | 239 | 61 | 9842
 1984 | 0 | 8228 | 1880 | 313 | 72 | 10493
 1985 | 0 | 10709 | 2021 | 304 | 81 | 13115
 1986 | 0 | 10361 | 1965 | 317 | 75 | 12718
 1987 | 0 | 9148 | 1794 | 270 | 82 | 11294
 TOTAL 0 63488 13332 2095 471 79386
  Page 50
 Example of CITY FORMAT
 CAT  YEAR MO DA OT(UTC) LAT.  LON.  DEP MAGNITUDE Distance from Nearest City / Locality
PDE 1994 01 03 132413.84 -49.265 164.222  15  6.10MwGS 194 km ( 116 mi) NNW of Auckland Island, New Zealand 
PDE 1994 01 04 193159.88  -4.301 135.145  11  6.00MsGS 141 km (  84 mi) WSW of Enarotali, Irian Jaya, Indonesia 
PDE 1994 01 10 155350.11 -13.339 -69.446 596  6.90MwGS 248 km ( 149 mi) NNE of Juliaca, Peru 
PDE 1994 01 11 005156.38  25.231 97.203 9  6.10MwHRV 28 km (  17 mi) WSW of Myitkyina, Myanmar 
PDE 1994 01 17 123055.39  34.213-118.537  18  6.80MsGS 11 km ( 7 mi) WSW of San Fernando, California 
PDE 1994 01 19 015334.9 -3.176 135.970  23  6.80MsGS 78 km (  47 mi) NNW of Enarotali, Irian Jaya, Indonesia 
PDE 1994 01 19 162648.06 -17.584-178.495 533  6.10MwHRV  521 km ( 313 mi) NNW of Nuku'alofa, Tonga 
PDE 1994 01 20 090652.77  -6.002 -77.052 122  6.00MDQUI 14 km ( 8 mi) WNW of Moyobamba, Peru 
PDE 1994 01 21 022429.96 1.015 127.733  19  7.30MsBRK 45 km (  27 mi) ENE of Ternate, Moluccas, Indonesia 
PDE 1994 01 21 180017.67  -4.859 103.664  89  6.10mbGS 189 km ( 113 mi) WNW of Telukbetung, Sumatera, Indonesia 
PDE 1994 01 25 071244.88  10.601 -41.715  29  6.30MwHRV 1555 km ( 933 mi) NNE of Macapa, Brazil 
PDE 1994 01 30 205743.48 -29.184-177.589  60  6.00MwHRV 27 km (  16 mi) ENE of Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands 
PDE 1994 02 01 221423.34 -11.315 163.863  37  6.10MwHRV  231 km ( 138 mi) ESE of Kira Kira, Solomon Islands 
PDE 1994 02 05 233409.97 0.593 30.037  14  6.20MwGS 149 km (  89 mi) NNW of Mbarara, Uganda 
PDE 1994 02 11 211731.12 -18.773 169.169 205  6.90MwGS 84 km (  50 mi) NNW of Isangel, Vanuatu 
PDE 1994 02 12 041626.89 -10.786-128.798  15  6.70MwHRV 1121 km ( 672 mi) ESE of Hiva Oa, French Polynesia 
PDE 1994 02 15 170743.8 -4.967 104.302  23  7.00MsGS 120 km (  72 mi) WNW of Telukbetung, Sumatera, Indonesia 
PDE 1994 02 18 041907.57 -45.330 96.232  10  6.30MwHRV 1746 km ( 1047 mi) ESE of Amsterdam Island 
PDE 1994 02 23 080204.72  30.853 60.596 6  6.10mbGS 149 km (  89 mi) NNW of Zahedan, Iran 
PDE 1994 06 09 003316.23 -13.841 -67.553 631  8.20MwGS 209 km ( 125 mi) WSW of Santa Ana, Bolivia 
PDE 1994 09 01 151553.08  40.402-125.680  10  7.10MwGS 135 km (  81 mi) WSW of Eureka, California 
PDE 1994 09 12 062954.94 -31.103 -71.706  40  6.00MwGS 138 km (  83 mi) SSW of La Serena, Chile 
PDE 1994 09 12 122343.25  38.819-119.652  14  6.10MwGS 30 km (  18 mi) ESE of South Lake Tahoe, California 
The City Format is designed for a user who is interested in locating earthquakes with reference to the closest city or locality
rather than a location defined by coordinates.
Explanation of Headers:
  CAT - Catalog Source.
  YEAR,MO,DA - Year, Month, and Day.
  OT (UTC) - Origin Time of the earthquake given in Universal Time Coordinated.
  LAT and LON - Latitude and Longitude of the earthquake in degrees. A negative latitude indicates South; a negative longitude
 indicates West.
  DEP - Earthquake depth in km.
  MAGNITUDE - Largest available magnitude value; magnitude formula used, and contributing agency.
  Distance from Nearest City / Locality - Places the earthquake location at a given distance (in km and miles) in a direction
 (azimuth) from the nearest locality. For example, the last line in the above listing
 places the earthquake 30 km or 18 miles ESE (East Southeast) of South Lake Tahoe, California.
The City Formnat is a shorten version of the VX format. Additional information, including other magnitude values, may be retreived
from either the SR or the VX formatted files. The input file to the City location routine is the VX formatted file; an output file
produced by the "Earthquake Data Base System". The location program makes use of a world-wide gazetter which contains cities or
localities of sufficient population size to be easily found in Atlases or on road maps. The gazzeteer is used by permission of
Bruce Presgrave of the National Earthquake Information Center in Golden, CO.
  Page 51
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 I would like to acknowledge the programming support and contributions
 of Ray Buland and Dan Oetting in the development of the data base and
 the EARTHQUAKE DATA BASE SYSTEM (EDBS). Also to the personnel in the
 National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC), who supply updating PDE
 segments on a continuing weekly and monthly basis.