Table of Contents for this Document File: Name of File Contributing Source File directory/location Information on the region covered Variable Table Format File Sample Data Variable File Additional Documentation ==================================================================== ==================================================================== ==================================== Variable Table The variable table contains a list of parameters contained in the data as well as information on the existence of histograms which can be viewed in GeoVu. File bji.tab for this catalog follows ==================================== DATA SET TITLE: bji PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: CONTRIBUTING ORGANIZATION: BJI LATITUDE: 40.0375 N LONGITUDE: 116.1717 E BJI Elevation: 43.0 LOCATION and NAME: Beijing (Baijiatuan, Peking) BJI2 C LATITUDE: 40.101 N LONGITUDE: 116.0757 E BJI2 C Elevation: 0.0 LOCATION and NAME: Beijing (Peking) PEK Elevation: LOCATION and NAME: (Alternate Abbreviation for BJI) BJI Beijing, China Asia--State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China (BJI) #*asiabji DATA FILE: bji.bin #\data\asia\east\china\bji\bji.bin NUMBER OF RECORDS: 16004 ASCII FILE SIZE: 1312328 BINARY FILE SIZE: 1248312 SUMMARY: BJI Beijing, China Regional and Global catalogs, Beijing, China, 1988-1994 Asia--State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China (BJI) #*asiabji include teleseismic events; among these are the BJI catalog The BJI catalog comes from the State Seismological Bureau, 1. VARIABLE NAME HISTOGRAM NAME 2. ASCII FORMAT BINARY FORMAT NO. & MIN/MAX VALUES Stat End Type Prc Stat End Type Prc Min. Max. #nonzero source SOURCE.CST 1 3 char 0 1 3 char 0 BJI BJI 16004 century_and_year CENTURY_.LST 4 8 short 0 57 58 short 0 1988 1994 16004 month MONTH.LST 9 10 short 0 59 60 short 0 1 12 16004 day DAY.LST 11 12 short 0 61 62 short 0 1 31 16004 hour HOUR.LST 13 14 short 0 63 64 short 0 1 23 15378 minute MINUTE.LST 15 16 short 0 65 66 short 0 1 59 15730 second SECOND.LST 17 19 short 1 67 68 short 1 1 59 15730 latitude_abs NO HISTOGRAM 20 24 long 3 NOT IN BINARY latitude_ns NO HISTOGRAM 25 25 char 0 NOT IN BINARY longitude_abs NO HISTOGRAM 26 31 long 3 NOT IN BINARY longitude_ew NO HISTOGRAM 32 32 char 0 NOT IN BINARY depth DEPTH.LST 33 35 short 0 69 70 short 0 8 704 15252 mb_magn MB_MAGN.LST 36 38 short 2 14 15 short 2 3 7 6513 MB NO HISTOGRAM 39 40 constant 0 NOT IN BINARY flag_isoseismal FLAG_ISO.CST 41 43 char 0 16 18 char 0 0 0 0 intensity INTENSIT.CST 44 44 char 0 19 19 char 0 0 0 0 flags_ngdc FLAGS_NG.CST 45 50 char 0 20 25 char 0 0 0 0 flag_diastrophic FLAG_DIA.CST 45 45 char 0 26 26 char 0 0 0 0 flag_tsunami FLAG_TSU.CST 46 46 char 0 27 27 char 0 0 0 0 flag_seiche FLAG_SEI.CST 47 47 char 0 28 28 char 0 0 0 0 flag_volcanism FLAG_VOL.CST 48 48 char 0 29 29 char 0 0 0 0 flag_non_tectonic FLAG_NON.CST 49 49 char 0 30 30 char 0 0 0 0 flag_infrasonic FLAG_INF.CST 50 50 char 0 31 31 char 0 0 0 0 Flinn_Engdahl_region FLINN_EN.LST 51 53 short 0 32 33 short 0 8 728 15511 ms_local_magn MS_LOCAL.LST 54 55 short 1 34 35 short 1 3 8 4293 MS NO HISTOGRAM 56 57 constant 0 NOT IN BINARY z_h Z_H.CST 58 58 char 0 36 36 char 0 0 0 0 flag_cultural FLAG_CUL.CST 59 59 char 0 37 37 char 0 F F 1 flag_other FLAG_OTH.CST 60 60 char 0 38 38 char 0 0 0 0 magn_other MAGN_OTH.LST 61 63 short 2 39 40 short 2 3 8 3663 magn_other_authority MAGN_OT1.CST 64 66 char 0 41 43 char 0 BJI BJI 3663 international_data_exchange_event INTERNAT.CST 67 67 char 0 44 44 char 0 0 0 0 flag_depth_control_PDE FLAG_DEP.CST 68 68 char 0 45 45 char 0 0 0 0 number_of_stations_or_quality NUMBER_O.CST 69 71 char 0 46 48 char 0 1 58 8171 time_authority TIME_AUT.CST 72 72 char 0 49 49 char 0 0 0 0 ml_magn_local ML_MAGN_.LST 73 75 short 2 50 51 short 2 2 7 3127 ml_magn_local_scale ML_MAGN1.CST 76 77 char 0 52 53 char 0 ML MS 3127 ml_magn_local_source ML_MAGN2.CST 78 80 char 0 54 56 char 0 BJI BJI 3127 latitude LATITUDE.LST NOT IN ASCII 4 7 long 3 -76 86 15488 longitude LONGITUD.LST NOT IN ASCII 8 11 long 3 -180 180 15988 depth_negate DEPTH_NE.LST NOT IN ASCII 12 13 short 0 -712 0 15979 year_decimal YEAR_DEC.LST NOT IN ASCII 71 78 double 10 1988.000 1994.161 16004 ==================================== Format File The format file is a listing of the variable names, types and positions within the binary and ASCII files. The file is composed of two parts - the first section is the format of the ASCII file, the second, the format of the binary file. The ASCII format file *.af must be renamed to *.afm to be used with the Freeform utility. Likewise, the binary format file *.bf must be renamed to *.bfm. The structure of this file is: Field 1: Variable name Field 2: First position of variable in line Field 3: Last position of variable in line Field 4: Type of variable Field 5: Precision of variable **Refer to Freeform user's manual for further information See format file bji.fmt in this directory ==================================== ======================================================== Sample Data A representative sample of data records showing the first 10 lines and the last 10 lines of the ASCII data file(i.e. the .dat file). The first and last 10 records of bji.dat follow ======================================================== BJI 19880101000309428050N142860E 33 212 420MSBJI BJI 19880101005735622470S179700W609 171 BJI 19880101122414518200S179300W590 181 BJI 19880101142749130170N 94850E 33 306 420MSBJI BJI 19880101143608374670N131100E 11 655 510MSBJI BJI 19880101152347643130N111270E 10 334 BJI 19880101221444120330N 96010E 33 296 490MSBJI BJI 19880102010520223780N121780E 28 244 380MSBJI BJI 19880102063610120230S169870E142 186 BJI 19880102103326655010N166080E 33 004 . . . . BJI 19940227033344230660N131640E 68470MB 23548MS 550BJI 23 BJI 19940227090427430560N131440E 54490MB 23550MS 530BJI 22 430MLBJI BJI 199402271059515 7310S129440E 82480MB 280 18 BJI 19940227190847315730N147630E 27460MB 215 12 BJI 19940227221954619380S169100E 47470MB 186 6 BJI 19940228051622219110N120850E 51460MB 24845MS 530BJI 22 450MLBJI BJI 19940228111354430650N 60400E 26560MB 34857MS 600BJI 25 BJI 19940228160136936850N 21670E 20460MB 36850MS 9 BJI 19940228215139244700N129900W 10500MB 03056MS 5 BJI 199402282255490 9390S107840E 44460MB 28246MS 10 ==================================== Variable File This file contains statistical information on each of the variables in the data set. The variable file bji.var for this catalog follows ==================================== Input file : bji.bin Input format file: bji.fmt No requested precision, Approximate number of sorting bins = 100 source: 16004 values read minimum: BJI found at record 1 maximum: BJI found at record 1 Summary file: source.cst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 79 latitude: 16004 values read minimum: -74.740 found at record 10221 maximum: 87.000 found at record 9386 Summary file: latitude.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 91 longitude: 16004 values read minimum: -179.980 found at record 98 maximum: 180.000 found at record 474 Summary file: longitud.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 88 depth_negate: 16004 values read minimum: -707 found at record 10309 maximum: 0 found at record 266 Summary file: depth_ne.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 6 mb_magn: 16004 values read minimum: 0.00 found at record 1 maximum: 7.70 found at record 2067 Summary file: mb_magn.lst flag_isoseismal: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_iso.cst intensity: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: intensit.cst flags_ngdc: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flags_ng.cst flag_diastrophic: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_dia.cst flag_tsunami: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_tsu.cst flag_seiche: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_sei.cst flag_volcanism: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_vol.cst flag_non_tectonic: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_non.cst flag_infrasonic: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_inf.cst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 85 Flinn_Engdahl_region: 16004 values read minimum: 1 found at record 633 maximum: 729 found at record 10221 Summary file: Flinn_En.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 7 ms_local_magn: 16004 values read minimum: 0.0 found at record 1 maximum: 8.1 found at record 8177 Summary file: ms_local.lst z_h: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: z_h.cst flag_cultural: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: F found at record 1905 Summary file: flag_cul.cst flag_other: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_oth.cst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 7 magn_other: 16004 values read minimum: 0.00 found at record 1 maximum: 8.10 found at record 3131 Summary file: magn_oth.lst magn_other_authority: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: BJI found at record 60 Summary file: magn_ot1.cst international_data_exchange_event: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: internat.cst flag_depth_control_PDE: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: flag_dep.cst number_of_stations_or_quality: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: 58 found at record 10334 Summary file: number_o.cst time_authority: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 1 maximum: found at record 1 Summary file: time_aut.cst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 7 ml_magn_local: 16004 values read minimum: 0.00 found at record 2 maximum: 7.70 found at record 482 Summary file: ml_magn_.lst ml_magn_local_scale: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 2 maximum: MS found at record 1 Summary file: ml_magn1.cst ml_magn_local_source: 16004 values read minimum: found at record 2 maximum: BJI found at record 1 Summary file: ml_magn2.cst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 7 century_and_year: 16004 values read minimum: 1988 found at record 1 maximum: 1994 found at record 15590 Summary file: century_.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 12 month: 16004 values read minimum: 1 found at record 1 maximum: 12 found at record 4391 Summary file: month.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 31 day: 16004 values read minimum: 1 found at record 1 maximum: 31 found at record 238 Summary file: day.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 24 hour: 16004 values read minimum: 0 found at record 1 maximum: 23 found at record 30 Summary file: hour.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 60 minute: 16004 values read minimum: 0 found at record 78 maximum: 59 found at record 40 Summary file: minute.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 60 second: 16004 values read minimum: 0.0 found at record 15 maximum: 59.9 found at record 71 Summary file: second.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 87 depth: 16004 values read minimum: 0 found at record 266 maximum: 707 found at record 10309 Summary file: depth.lst Histogram data precision: 0, Number of sorting bins: 7 year_decimal: 16004 values read minimum: 1988.0000059894 found at record 1 maximum: 1994.1615217212 found at record 16004 Summary file: year_dec.lst ==================================== The bibliographic file bji.bib for this catalog follows ==================================== This is the NGDC Bibliography for Large Earthquakes "Destructive and Near Destructive Earthquakes of Puerto Rico and Nearby Regions." House of Representatives Document No. 269. Sixty-Sixth Congress, First Session. (1946): 1-4. "Destructive and Near-Destructive Earthquakes in California and Western Nevada: 1769 - 1932." Coast and Geodetic Survey (1932): 1-14. "Earthquakes in the Various States." Publication of the U.S. Printing Office GPO Jacket No 777-941 (1963): 106-18. "Puerto Rico Earthquakes, 1919 - 1937." Data Complied From Monthly Weather Review (1937): 1-2. "Research of Seismicity in Seismic Zones of Less Activity: Central Cuba." Publication of the Soviet Geophysical Committee and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1983): 1-134. ---, Authors. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. - 1979 Including Quantitative Casualties and Damage. Soft Cover Booklet. Boulder, CO: World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics, U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Environmental Data and Information Service, 1981. Report SE-27. ---. "Seismicity of the Earth." Bulletin of the Geological Society of America Vol. 56 (1945): 603-68. ---. "The Puerto Rico Earthquakes of October-November, 1918." The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Vol. 9.No. 4 (1919): 95-127. ---. "The Seismicity of the Caribbean Region." Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 70.No. 20 (1965): 5065-74. . "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes, 1897-1972 Inclusive." One-page, copy. . "Major Earthquakes." One-page, copy. Boulder, Colorado: National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center. . "Significant Earthquake Activity, 1972." One-page, copy. . "World Seismicity and Volcanic Activity in the Year 1974." One-page, copy. Abe, K. "Size of Great Earthquakes of 1837-1974 Inferred From Tsunami Data." Journal of Geophysical Research Volume 84.No. B4 (1979): Pages 1561-68. Anonymous. Great Earthquakes. AnonymousVolume 1, No. 2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, 1888. Barazangi, M. and Dorman J. "World Seismicity Maps Compiled From ESSA, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Epicenter Data, 1961 - 1967." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Vol. 59.No. 1. (1969): 1-11. Benhallou, H. "Les Catastrophes Séismiques De La Region D'Echelif Dans Le Contexte De La Seismicite Historique De L"Algerie." Large Soft Cover Book. Presentee a L'Universite Des Sciences Et De La Technologie Houari Boumediene Alger, 1985. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Catalogue of Earthquakes 1918-1924. Piccadilly, London: British Association for the Adbancement of Science, 1928. No. 21. Båth, M. Duda S. J., AuthorsSoft Cover Booklet. M. Duda S. J. Båth. Report No. 1-79 ed. Uppsala, Sweden: Seismological Institute, 1979. Report No. 1-79. Coffman, J. L. and von Hake C. A. "Earthquake History of The United States." Publication of the Environmental Data Service of NOAA .Publ. 41-1 (1973): 1-208. Coffman, J. L. and von Hake C. A. Stover C. W., Editors. Earthquake History of the United States. Hard Back (3) and Soft Cover Book (two copies). Publication 41-1 Revised Edition (Through 1970) Reprinted 1982 with Supplement (1971-1980) ed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. and Boulder, CO: U.S. Department of Commerce, and U.S. Department of the Interior, 1973. 41-1. Coffman, J. L., Editor. Earthquake History of the United States. Soft Cover Booklet (one copy). Editors. J. L. Coffman. 1979 ed. Boulder, CO: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey., 1979. Publication 41-1. Couch, R. Victor L. and Keeling K. Costal and Offshore Earthquakes of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, Oregon: School of Oceanography at Oregon State University, 1974. Crampin, S. Fyfe C. J. Bickmore D. P. and Linton H. W. "Atlas of Seismic Activity 1909-1968." Soft Cover Booklet, Journal. Seismological Bulletin No. 5 (1976). DeNevi, D. Earthquakes. Millbrae, California: Celestial Arts, 1977. Ganse, R. A. Nelson J. B. "Significant Earthquake File." Xerox Copy. Boulder, CO: NOAA/National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center. Ganse, R. A. and Nelson J. B. "Catalog of Significant Earthquakes: 2000 B.C. - 1979." Publication of the Environmental Data and Information Service .July (1981): 1-153. Gupta, H. K. and Negi J. G. "High Magnitude Global Seismicity and Lateral Velocity Gradients." Vol. 80 (1970): 92-101. Gutenberg, B and Richter C. F. "Seismicity of the Earth." Bulletin of the Geological Society of America Vol. 56 (1945): 603-68. Gutenberg, B. and Richter C. F. "Seismicity of the Earth." Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 34 (1941): 1-131. Hall, M. Earthquakes in Jamaica From 1688 to 1919. Kingston, Jamaica: Government Printing Office, 1922. Hall, M. M. A. F. R. A. S. F. R. Met S., Government MeteorologistSoft Cover Booklet. Barrister-At-Law, Government Meteorologist. M. Hall. Kingston, Jamaica: Government Printing Office, 1922. Hays, W. W. Algermissen S. T. Espinosa A. F. Perkins D. M. Rinehart W. A. Guidelines for Developing Design Earthquake Response Spectra. Golden, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, 1974. Heck, N. H. "Destructive and Extremely Severe Earthquakes in California 1769 - 1927." Report for the Division of Terrestrial Magetism and Seismology (1931): 1-12. Heck, N. H. Eppley R. A., Editors. Earthquake History of the United States. Soft Cover Booklet. Editors. N. H. Eppley R. A. Heck. Revised (1938, 1956) Editions ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938. No. 41-1. Heck, N. H. and Davis R. M. Jr. "A List of Earthquakes Published in 1688." Reprinted From Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Volume 36.No. 4 (1946): Pages 363-72. Heck, N. H. and Wood H. O., Editor. Earthquake History of the United States. Soft Cover Booklet. N. H. Heck. Original Edition (1938)(2 Copies), Revised (1947) Edition, Revised 1951 Edition. ed. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1938. Heck, N. H., Division Chiefforty typewritten pages. Linehan, D. Compilation of Earthquakes in Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada 1534 - 1957. Weston Geophysical Research Inc. Magnati, D. V.Thirteen-page, typewritten report. Map Showing Recomputed Hypocenters of Earthquakes in the Eastern and Central United States and Adjacent Canada, 1925-1980. Seismic. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Department of Interior, USGS, 1984. McClain, W. C. and Myers O. H.45 pages of 8 1/2" X 11 bound copy. Springfield, Virginia: U. S. Department of Commerce, 1970. ORNL-4582. Montandon, F. Les Tremblements De Terre Destructeurs En Europe, Catalogue Par Territoires Séismiques, De L'an 1000 à 1940 (Destructive Earthquakes in Europe, Catalog of Seismic Stations, From 1000-1940). Geneve: à l'Union internationale de Secours, Genéva, 1953. Nottis, G. N. Editor New York State Geological Survey. Epicenters of Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada, Onshore and Offshore; Time Period 1534-1980. Series No. 38, Map and Chart ed. Albany, N.Y.: The University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, Feb. 1983. Nuttli, O. W., AuthorSoft Cover Booklet. O. W. Nuttli. First Edition ed.Volume NO. 1, Monograph Series, Central United States Earthquake Consortium. Marion, Illinois: Funding provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1987. Person, W., CompilerXerox Copy. 1983. Poeschel, K. R. Stromberg P. A. Seismic Safety Commission Staff, Project DirectorSoft Cover Booklet. Eureka, CA: State of California Seismic Safety Commission, 1980. SSC 80-3. Reid, H. F. and Taber S. "The Porto Rico Earthquake of 1918." House of Representatives Publication (66th Congress, 1st Session) Document No. 269 (1919): 3-74. Results of Researches on the International Geophysical Projects. Research of Seismicity in Seismic Zones of Less Activity (Central Cuba). Moscow, Russia: Nauka, 1983. Ritsema, A. R. and Karnik V. "European Catastrophic Earthquakes." Tectonophysics (International Journal of Geotectonics and the Geology and Physics of the Interior of the Earth Volume 53.No. 3/4 (1979): Pages 155-337. Rutten, L. M. R. and Van Raadshooven B. "On Earthquake Epicentres and Earthquake Shocks Between 1913 and 1938 in the Region Between 0° and 30° N and 56° and 120° W." Nederl. Akad. Wet., Verh. Tweede Sectie, Deel XXXIX.No. 4 (1940): Pages 1-44. Ryall, A. Slemmons D. B. & Gedney L. D. "Seismicity, Tectonism, and Surface Faulting in the Western United States During Historic Time." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Vol. 56.No. 5 (1966): 1105-35. Seismicity Map of the Conterminous United States and Adjacent Areas, 1965-1974 and 1975 - 1984. Seismic. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Department of Interior, USGS, 1977. Significant Earthquakes 1900 - 1979. Seismic. Boulder, CO: National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center and World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics, with support from Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance Agency for International Development. Sykes, L. R. and Ewing M. "The Seismicity of the Caribbean Region." Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 70.No. 20 (1965): 5065-74. Thomas, Alun J. "World Seismic Regions (Gutenberg and Richter 1954)." Twentieth Century Earthquakes, 1:, 1900 - 1919, 2:, 1920 - 1929, 3:, 1930 - 1939, 4:, 1940 - 1949, and Geological Events 1979 and 1980. Xerox CopyGeology Schools Service, National Museum of Wales, 1981. Wood, H. O. Allen M. W. and Heck N. H., Chief, Division of Terrestrial Magnetism and SeismologyHard Cover Book. United States Government Printing Office: U.S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1934. Special Publication No. 191. Wood, H. O. Heck N. H. and Eppley R. A., Editors. Earthquake History of the United States. Soft Cover Booklet. Editors. H. O. Heck N. H. and Eppley R. A. Wood. Revised (1960) Edition ed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1961. No. 41-1. Wood, H. O. and Heck N. H., Editors. Earthquake History of the United States. Soft Cover Booklet. Editors. H. O. and Heck N. H. Wood. Revised (1951) Edition ed. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1951. Woollard, G. P. A Catalogue of Earthquakes in the United States Prior to 1925 (Based on Unpublished Data Compiled by Harry Fielding Reid and Published Sources Prior to 1930). Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii, June 1968. HIG-68-9 Data Report No. 10. ======================================================== Additional Documentation Any other files contributed to or generated by NGDC as documentation for the data base follows. ========================================================