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The first and last 10 records of signif.dat follow ======================================================== -2150 0 0 0 0 31.1N 35.5E 0 7.3 0 0 3 0.000 JORDAN: BAB-A-DARAA,AL-KARAK 225 -2100 0 0 0 0 35.5N 25.5E 0 0.0 10 0 0.000 GREECE: CRETE 230 -2000 0 0 0 0 38.0N 58.2E 18 7.1 10 2 0 0.000 CIS: TURKMENISTAN: W 44 -1890 0 0 0 0 35.5N 25.5E 0 0.0 10 0 0.000 GREECE: CRETE 230 -1750 0 0 0 0 35.0N 25.0E 0 0.0 10 0 0.000 GREECE: CRETE 230 -1650 0 0 0 0 35.5N 25.5E 0 0.0 10 0 0.000 GREECE: CRETE 230 -1570 0 0 0 0 35.5N 25.5E 0 0.0 10 0 0.000 GREECE: CRETE 230 -1566 0 0 0 0 31.5N 35.3E 0 0.0 10 0 3 0.000 ISRAEL: ARIHA (JERICHO) 222 -1500 0 0 0 0 35.0N 26.0E 0 0.0 10 0 0.000 GREECE: CRETE 230 -1410 0 0 0 0 36.5N 25.5E 0 0.0 12 0 0.000 GREECE: DODECANESE ISLANDS 230 . . . . 1995 07 30 0511 23.4S 70.3W 47 7.3 3 2 1 CHILE: ANTOFAGASTA, MEJILLONES, CALAMA 53 1995 08 16 1027 5.8S 154.2E 16 7.8 1 SOLOMON ISLANDS: RABAUL, KOKOPO, NEW BRITAIN 53 1995 09 14 1404 16.8N 98.6W 21 7.2 3 2 MEXICO: GUERRERO, OAXACA, PUEBLA, MEXICO CITY 53 1995 10 01 1557 38.0N 30.2E 33 6.1 14 3 TURKEY: DINAR 53 1995 10 03 0151 2.7S 77.9W 33 6.4 10 3 ECUADOR: QUITO 53 1995 10 06 0523 65.2N 148.8W 5 6.4 2 USA: ALASKA (OIL PIPELINE DAMAGED) 53 1995 10 06 1809 2.0S 101.5E 33 7.0 74 3 INDONESIA: SUMATRA 53 1995 10 09 1535 18.9N 104.1W 33 7.6 62 2 MEXICO: MANZANILLO, SAN PATRICIO MELAQUE 53 1995 10 23 2246 25.9N 102.2E 33 6.4 36 2 CHINA: YUNNAN, WUDING 53 1995 11 22 0415 28.8N 34.9E 10 7.3 12 2 EGYPT: NUWAYBI; SAUDI ARABIA; ISRAEL; JORDAN 53 References (These are the best available references for the listed publications. This is a partial listing. The complete listing can be found in the file /data/globecat/sig/signif.ref) 1. Gutenberg, B. and C. Richter, Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena, 2nd Edition, Hafner Publishing Co., New York, NY, 1965. (Reproduction of the 1954 Edition by Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1954) 2. Lomnitz, C., Development in Geotectonics #5, Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1974. 3. Bath, M., Introduction to Seismology, Halsted Press, 1978. 4. K…rnik, V., Seismicity of the European Area, Part 1, D. Riedel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1969. 5. Davison, C., Great Earthquakes, Thomas Muby and Co., London, United Kingdom, 1936. 6. Richter, C., Elementary Seismology, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA, 1958. 8-37. U.S. Department of Commerce, United States Earthquakes, Annual publication prepared by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1928-1968; prepared by NOAA 1969-1972; prepared by NOAA in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey 1973-1980, U.S. Geological Survey 1981-1983, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (total of 29 publications) 38. Bolt, B., W. Horn, G. MacDonald, and R. Scott, Geological Hazards, Springer-Verlag Publishing Co., 1975. 39. Roth‚, J.P., Annual Summary of Information on Natural Disasters 1966-75, The UNESCO Press, Paris, France. 40. Roth‚, J.P., The Seismicity of the Earth 1953-1965, United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France, 1969. 41-42. U.S. Department of Commerce, United States Earthquakes, Annual publication, prepared by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1928-1968; NOAA 1969-1972; NOAA in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey 1973-1977, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 43. Neuman, F., U.S. Dept. of Commerce, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Seismological Report Jan.-Dec. 1927, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1929. 44. Kondorskaya, N.V. and N.V. Shebalin, New Catalog of Strong Earthquakes in the Territory of the USSR from Ancient Times to 1975, SE-31, U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, CO, 1982. Originally published in Russian by the Academy of Science, Moscow, USSR, 1977. 45. Kim S.G. and B.K. Hyun, Seismicity of the Korean Peninsula and its Relation with Plate Tectonics, 1970. 46. Rutten, L. and Van Radshooven, "On Earthquake Epicenters and Earthquake Shocks Between 1913 and 1938 in the Region Between 0 and 30 Degrees North and 56 and 120 Degrees West," Nederl. Akad. Wet., Yerh (Tweede Sectie), XXXIX, No. 4, 1940. 47. Comite del A€o Geofisico Internacional del Ecuador, Breve Historia de los Principales Teremotos en la Republica del Ecuador, Observatorio Astronomico de Quito, Quito, Ecuador, 1959. 48. Academia Sinica Catalog of Chinese Earthquakes, Vol. I (1177 BC to 1900 AD) and Vol. II (1901 to 1949), Institute of Geophysics, Peking, China, 1970. 49. Hall, M., Earthquakes in Jamaica--The Great Earthquake of January 14, 1907 and the After Shocks, Third Report, No. 337, Government Printing Office, Kingston, Jamaica 1907. 50. Marsh, S., editor, GEOtimes, a monthly publication of the American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1980 to present. 51. Mnchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, World Map of Natural Hazards, Munich Federal Republic of Germany, 1978. 52. Lee, W.H.K., F.T. Wu, and C. Jacobsen, "A Catalog of Historical Earthquakes in China Compiled from Recent Chinese Publications," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 66, No. 6, December 1976, pp. 2003-2016. 53. National Earthquake Information Service, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE), a monthly publication, Golden, Colorado, 1980 to present. 54. McClelland, Lindsay, et al, editors, SEAN Bulletin, a monthly publication of the Scientific Event Alert Network of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1980-1989. 55. Milne, J., "Catalogue of Destructive Earthquakes," Report of the 18th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Portsmouth, 1911, London, United Kingdom, pp. 649-740. 56. Iida K., D.C. Cox, and G. Pararas-Carayannis, Preliminary Catalogue of Tsunamis Occurring in the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics 67-10, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 1967. 57. Alsinawi, S., and H.A.A. Glalih, "Historical Seismicity of Iraq," Proceedings of the First Arab Seismological Seminar, Seismological Unit of Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq, 1978. 58. Sevilla, Valenzuela and Bellosiool, "Seismicity of the Philippines," Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 59. Cavasion, A., Il Terremoti d'Italia nel trentaciquennio 1899-1933, Rome Instituto Poligrafico dello Stato Libreria, Rome, Italy, 1935. 60. Reid, H.F., List of Strong Shocks in the United States and Dependencies, British Association Reports, 1911. 61. Chinese Seismological Society Report on July 28, 1976 Event, Dallian Meeting 1979, Xinhua News Agency, China, 1979. 62. Agamennone, G., Il Terremoto Nel Vallo Cosentino del 3 Diciembre 1887, Estratto dagli Annali dell' Ufficio Centrale. 63. Caloi, P., Attivita Sismica en Italia nel Decennio 1930-1939, Reale Accademia D'Italia, Vol. IX, 1942. 64. Funvisis, El Riesgo Sismico En Venezuela, Fundacion Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismologicas (a brochure). 65. Suzuki, Z., General Report on the Tokachi Oki Earthquake of 1968, Keigaku Pub. Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1971. 66. Mengin, O., editor, UNDRO News, a bimonthly publication of the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization Coordinator, Geneva, Switzerland, 1980 to present. 67. New York Times Information Service Retrieval, The New York Times Information Service Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey. 68. Heck, N.H., Japanese Earthquakes, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 34, No. 3, July 1944, pp. 117-136. 69. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Newsletter, 1982. 70. Berger, Andre L. et al, editors, EOS, a weekly publication of the American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 1980 to present. 71. Ergin, K., U. Guclu, and V. Hz, A Catalogue of Earthquakes for Turkey and Surrounding Area (11 A.D. to 1964 A.D.), Istanbul, Turkey, 1967. 72. Maso, M.S., Catalogue of Violent and Destructive Earthquakes in the Philippines (1599-1909), Manila, Philippines, 1910. 73. U.S. Congress, Great Earthquakes, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C. Vol. 1, March 1888. 74. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Destructive and Near-Destructive Earthquakes in California and Western Nevada, 1769-1933, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1934. 75. Giorgetti, F. and E. Iaccarino, Italian Earthquake Catalogue from the Beginning of the Christian Age up to 1968, Osservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy, 1971. 76. International Tsunami Information Center, Tsunami Newsletter, Honolulu, Hawaii, published periodically, 1977 to present. 77. Junner, N., The Accra Earthquake of 22 June, 1939, Gold Coast Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 13, 1941. 78. Reid, H. and S. Taber, The Porto Rico Earthquake of 1918 with Descriptions of Earlier Earthquakes, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1919. 79. California Division of Water Resources, Report on Physical Effects of Arvin Earthquake of July 21, 1952, Sacramento, Calif., 1952. 80. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The Caracas Earthquake of 29 July 1967, Paris, France, 1968. 81. Woods, Mary C., California Geology, a monthly publication of the California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento, California, 1989. 82. Minoza, W.A., A.T. Ocampo Jr., and A. Bellosillo Jr., Significant Philippine Earthquakes 1949-1959, Republic of the Philippines, Department of Commerce and Industry, Weather Bureau, Manila, Philippines, 1959. 83. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, Tsunami Warning Log, Honolulu, Hawaii, published when necessary. 84. Brooks, J.A., Earthquake Activity and Seismic Risk in Papua New Guinea, Commonwealth of Australia, Department of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. 85. O'Connell, D.J.K., Deep Focus Earthquake, 1909-1912, The Society, Science House, Sydney, Australia, 1946. 86. O'Connell, D.J.K., Major Shallow Earthquakes, 1909-1911, The Society, Science House, Sydney, Australia, 1947. 87. Greve, F., Distribucion Profundidad e Intensidad de los Temblores en la Cordillera de los Andes al sur del paralelo 15ű S y en el Oceano Pacifico Sur Este. 88. Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Committee on Geophysical Sciences, Estudios sobre la sismicidad de la costa occidental del Continente Americano. Mexico, D.F., Mexico, 1963. 89. Roth‚, J.P., Tableau de la seismicite du globe pendant les annees 1961 et 1962, Instutute de Physique du Globe, Faculte des Sciences, Revue de L'Union Internationale de Secours, No. 1, Geneva, Switzerland, June 1964. 90. Instutut de Physique de Globe, Faculte des Sciences, Revue de L'Union Internacionale de Secours, No. 36, Geneva, Switzerland, December 1959. 91. Rojo, A., Notas Sismicas de 1956, Trabajos cietificos del Observatorio de Cartuja (Granada), Series B, Year XI, No. 98, Madrid, Spain, 1957. 92. Abe, K., "Magnitudes of Large Shallow Earthquakes from 1904 to 1980," Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 27, 1981, pp. 72-92. 93. Montandon, F., Les Tremblements de Terre Destructeurs en Europe, a L'Union Internationale de Secours, Geneva, Switzerland, 1953. 94. Perry, M., Documents Sur Les Tremblementes de Terre, 1857. 95. Singh, K., "Earthquakes in India and Neighborhood," Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics, Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1966. 96. Gauthier, H., Des Tremblement de Terre Signales En Chine, Bulletin de l'Observatoire de Zi-Ka-Wei, Tome XXXIII, Annee 1907, Fasc., C. 97. Imamura, A., Topographical Changes Accompanying Earthquake or Volcanic Eruptions, Earthquake Investigation Committee, Tokyo, Japan, 1930. 98. Ambraseys, N.N., "On the Seismicity of Southwest Asia, Data from AXV Century Arabic Manuscript," Revue por l'Etude des Calamities, No. 37, Union Internacionale de Secures, Geneva, Switzerland, 1961. 99. K…rnik, V., Seismicity of the European Area, Part 2, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1971. 100. Chaudbury, H.M., "Seismology in India," Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 101. Ambraseys, N.N., G. Lensen, and A. Moinfar, The Pattan Earthquake of 28 December 1974, UNESCO Technical Report Rp/1975-1976/2.222.3 (prepared by the Government of Pakistan for UNESCO), Paris, France, 1975. 102. Kuroiwa, J.H., Earthquake Engineering Problems in Peru, Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 103. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Earthquake History Vicinity of Panama Canal and Adjacent Region, Manuscript MSS-3 C, 1935. 104. Abe, K., and S. Noguchi, "Determination of Magnitude for Large, Shallow Earthquakes 1898-1917," Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 32, 1983, pp. 45-59. 105. Instituto Geolągico del Peru, Datos Sismologicos del Peru 1949-1950, Boletin No. 4, Ministerio de Fomento y Obras Publicas Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Fomento Mineros, Lima, Peru, 1952. 106. Cavanna, A.J.S., Earthquake Problems of Structures in Ecuador, Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 107. Latour, H.S., Building Construction and Earthquakes in Guatemala, Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 108. Plassand, J., and B. Kogoj, Catalogue des Seismes Ressentis au Liban, Observatore de Koara par Zable, 1962. 109. Mihailovic, D.J., Catalogue des Tremblements de Terre Epiro-Albanais, Archive Seismologique de L'Institut seismoogique de Beograd, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 1951. 110. Ramirez, E., "Historia de 100 Terremotos en Colombia," Bibliographical Bulletin of American Geophysics and Oceanography, Instituto Panamericano de Geographia e Historia, Mexico, D.F. Mexico, 1968. 111. Silgado, E., "Historia de los Sismos Mas Notables Occurridos en el Peru (1513-1970)," Geofisica Panamericana, Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1973, pp. 179-243. 112. U.S. Department of Commerce Bulletin, 1985. 113. U.S. Department of State Bulletin, 1984. 114. Greve, F., Determinacion Del Coefficiente De Seguridad Antisismico Para Las Diferentes Zonas de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Instituto Sismologic, Editorial Universitaria S.A. Ricardo Santa Cruz 747, Santiago, Chile, 1950. 116. Roth‚, J.P., "La Seismicite des Alpes Occidentales," Annales de L'Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasborg, 3 me parte:Geophysique, Tome III, 1938. 117. Ambraseys, N.N., and C.P. Melville, A History of Persian Earthquakes, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1982. 118. Ramirez, J.E., "Historia de los Terremotos en Columbia," Boletin Bibliografico de Geofisica y Oceanografia Americanas, Mexico, 1968. 119. Aytun, A., Experience Gained from Recent Earthquakes in Turkey, Working Paper 7, 1971. 120. Berberian, M., Tabas-e-Golshan (Iran) Catastrophic Earthquake of 16 September 1978; Preliminary Report, Dept. of Geodesy and Geophysics, University of Cambridge, Permagon Press, 1979, pp. 207-219. 121. Steward, G., Historic U.S. Seismograms and Earthquakes (prior to 1963), March 1969. 122. Visser, S., Inland and Submarine Epicenters of Sumatra and Java Earthquakes, Batavia, 1922. 123. Ribaric, V., "The Idrija Earthquake of March 26, 1511," Tectonophysics, Vol. 53, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979, pp. 315-324. 124. Udias, A., and D. Munoz, "The Andalusian Earthquake of 25 Dec 1884," Tectonophysics, Vol. 53, 1979, pp. 291-299. 125. Stef…nsson, R., "Catastrophic Earthquakes in Iceland," Tectonophysics, Vol. 53, 1979, pp. 273-278. 126. Rowshandel, B., S. Nemat-Nasser, H. Adeli, A Tentative Study of Seismic Risk in Iran, Earthquake Research and Engineering Laboratory Technical Report No. 78-3-9, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois, 1978. 127. Egred, J.A., Breve Historia Sismica De La Republica Del Ecuador, Boletin, Bibliografico de Geofisic y Oceanografia Americanas, Vol. IV parte Geofisica 1965- 1967, Mexico, 1968, pp. 147-158. 128. Coffman, J.L. and C.A. von Hake, Earthquake History of the United States, Pub. 41-1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, CO, 1973, and 1982 Supplement. 129. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Studies in Seismicity and Earthquake Damage Statistics, 1969, March, 1969. 130. Ambraseys, N.N., "A Test Case of Historical Seismicity of Isfahan and Chahar Mahal, Iran," The Geographical Journal, The Royal Geographical Society, London, Vol. 145 part 1, March 1979, pp. 56-71. 131. U.S. Geological Survey, Significant Earthquakes of the World, 1979, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, No. 1-80, January 28, 1980. 132. U.S. Geological Survey, Significant Earthquakes of the World, 1978, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, 1979. 133. Press, F., and R. Siever, Earth, 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1978. 134. Gouin, P., Earthquake History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, Monograph IDRC- 118, Geophysical Observatory, Univ. of Addis Ababa. 135. Stratta, J.L. and L.A. Wyllie, Reconnaissance Report; Fruila, Italy Earthquake of 1976, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, Calif., 1979. 136. U.S. Army Corps Engineering, The Fukui Earthquake Hokuriku Region, Japan, 28 June 1948, Vol. I, Geology, Office of Engineer, General Headquarters, Far East Command, February 1949. 137. Heck, N.H., Japanese Earthquakes from the Military Viewpoint, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Manuscript, 1942. 138. Ambraseys, N.N., "Middle East A Reappraisal of Seismicity," Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology, Vol. II, 1978, pp. 19-32. 139. Mayer-Rosa, D., and B. Cadiot, "A Review of the 1356 Basel Earthquake: Basic Data," Tectonophysics, Vol. 53, 1979, pp. 325-333. 140. Spall, H., editor, Earthquake Information Bulletin, a bimonthly U.S. Geological Survey publication. 141. Tabban, A., Seismicity of Turkey, Individual Studies by Participants at the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 6, December 1970, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 59-74. 142. Instituto Geologico de Mexico, "Terremoto Mexicano del 3 de Enero de 1920," Boletin, No. 38, Mexico, D.F. Mexico, 1922. 143. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Anales del Instituto de Geofisica Mexico, D. F. Mexico, 1969. 144. Seismological Society of America, "Seismological Notes" appearing in Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (a monthly publication). 145. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, EDIS, Major Earthquake Listing, 1977. (unpublished). 146. Naval Oceanographic Office, Tsunamis and Seismic Seiches Reported from the Western, North and South Atlantic and the Coastal Waters of Northwestern Europe, Informal Report IR No. 6885, Washington, D.C., 1968. 147. Asimov, I., Asimov's Guide to the Bible, Publisher, Avon, N.Y., 1969. 148. Berninghausen, W.H., Tsunamis Reported from the West Coast of South America 1562- 1960, Unpublished Manuscript, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., 1962. 149. Shebalin, N.V., Survey of the Seismicity of the Balkan Region, UNDP/UNESCO, Skopje, Yugoslavia, 1974. 150. Nakano, T., "History of Major Earthquakes in Tokyo," Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Newsletter, September 1977. 151. Magnaki, D.V., Historical Information on Earthquakes Having Occurred in the Past Centuries and Present Century, translated by R.M. Davis, Jr. (1945), Antonio Bulifon, Naples, Italy, 1688. 152. Japan Meteorological Agency, Catalogue of Major Earthquakes which Occurred in and Near Japan 1962-1956, Tokyo, Japan, 1958. 153. Roth‚, J.P., Tableau de la seismicite du globe pendant les annees 1949-1950, Bureau International De Seismologie, Strasbourg, 1953. 154. Dutton, D.E., The Charleston Earthquake of August 31, 1886, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1890. 155. Mayer-Rosa, D., The Swiss Historical Earthquake File April 4, 1980 Revision, Institute of Geophysics, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, 1980. 156. Brandow, G.E., and D.J. Leeds, Reconnaissance Report Imperial County, California Earthquake, October 15, 1979, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 1980. 157. Lomnitz, C., Major Earthquakes and Tsunamis in Chile During the Period 1575 to 1955, Geologische Rundschau Bd. 59, Heft 3, 1970, pp. 938-960. 158. Lo Surdo, A., Annali di Geofisica, Revista dell' Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica, Vol. XVIII, No. 3, 1965. 159. Vogt, J., B. Cadiot, J. Delaunay, G. Faury, J. Goguel, B. Massinon, D. Mayer-Rosa, and C. Weber, Les Tremblements de Terre en France, Menoire du Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, No. 96, 1979. 160. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual Report of the Seismological Committee, Annual Reports of 1903-1919. 161. International Seismological Center, Felt and Damaging Earthquakes 1976, No. 1, United Kingdom, 1979. 164. Nabavi, M.S., "Seismic Activity in Iran During 1963-1970," Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University Press, Vol. 8, No. 172, 1979, pp. 13-63. 165. O'Connell, D.J.K., "Catalogue of Major Shallow Earthquakes, March 1909 to December 1911," reprinted for the Journal of Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, LXXX, 1947, pp. 147-150. 167. Roth‚, J.P., Annual Summary of Information on Natural Disasters 1966-73, No. 1-8, UNESCO, Paris, France, 1969-1974. 168. Tchalenko, S.S., and Berberian, M., "The Salmas (Iran) Earthquake of May 6, 1930," Annuli de Geofisica, Vol. 27, 1974, pp. 151-212. 169. Kanamori, H., "Importance of Historical Seismograms for Geophysical Research," Preliminary Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes, August 27-28, 1985, Tokyo, Japan, 1985, p. 25. 170. Lomnitz, C., "Casualties and Behavior of Populations During Earthquakes," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 60, No. 4, August 1970, pp. 1309-1313. 171. Toppozada, T.R., C.R. Real, and D.L. Parke, "Earthquake History of California," Preliminary Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes, August 27-28, 1985, Tokyo, Japan, 1985, p. 328. 172. Prachuab, S., "Historical Earthquakes of Thailand, Burma, and Indochina," Preliminary Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes, August 27-28, 1985, Tokyo, Japan, 1985, pp. 269-271. 173. Miyamura, S., "Some Remarks on Historical Seismograms and the Microfilming Project," Preliminary Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes, August 27-28, 1985, Tokyo, Japan, 1985, p. 181. 174. Inoue, R. and T. Matsumoto, "Digitization and Processing of the Japanese Meteorological Agency Strong Motion Records from Nine Great Earthquakes," Preliminary Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes, August 27-28, 1985, Tokyo, Japan, 1985, p. 189. 175. Vanek, J, and V. Hanus, "Historical Disastrous Earthquakes and Deep Fracture Zones in Ecuador and Southern Colombia," Preliminary Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes, August 27-28, 1985, Tokyo, Japan, 1985, p. 350. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2150 B.C.-1991 A.D. (with addendum through Jan. 1994) Including Quantitative Casualties and Damage by Paula K. Dunbar, Patricia A. Lockridge, and Lowell S. Whitewide Chapter 1 DATA DESCRIPTION This catalog is a listing of historical earthquakes throughout the world that range in date from 2150 B.C. to 1991 A.D (with addendum through Jan. 1994). The events were gathered from scientific and scholarly sources, regional and worldwide catalogs, and individual event reports. The list includes all events that meet at least one of the following criteria: o Moderate damage (approximately $1 million or more) o Ten or more deaths o Magnitude 7.5 or greater o Intensity X or greater (for events lacking magnitude) The following seismological parameters are listed for each event: 1.1 Date and time: These parameters are listed in the following sequence: year, month, day, time. The time is Universal Coordinated Time. 1.2 Epicenter: The latitude is listed as positive (+) for North and minus (-) for South. The longitude is listed as positive (+) for East and minus (-) for West. Events prior to 1900 were not instrumentally located, therefore, the location given is based on the latitude and longitude of the city where the damage occurred. 1.3 Depth: The depth of the earthquake is given in kilometers. 1.4 Magnitude: The magnitudes are based on surface waves (Ms) or the equivalent derived from intensities for pre-instrumental events. The magnitude is a measure of seismic energy. The magnitude scale is logarithmic. An increase of one in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in the recorded wave amplitude. However, the energy release associated with an increase of one in magnitude is not tenfold, but about thirtyfold. For example, approximately 900 times more energy is released in an earthquake of magnitude 7 than in an earthquake of magnitude 5. Each increase in magnitude of one unit is equivalent to an increase of seismic energy of about 1.6 x 10,000,000,000,000 ergs. 1.5 Intensity: The Modified Mercalli Intensity is given in Roman Numerals (converted to numbers in the digital database). An interpretation of the values is listed in Table 1 shown below. 1.6 Deaths: Whenever possible numbers of deaths are listed. When references give different death tolls, each death toll and corresponding reference is listed as a separate record. When a descriptor (Few = 1, Some = 2, Many = 3) was found in the historical literature, this value was coded in the portion of the DEATHS column and indicated by an asterisk (*). 1.7 Damage: When a dollar amount was found in the literature, it was listed in the DAMAGE column in millions of U.S. dollars. The dollar value listed is the value at the time of the event. To determine if the damage was significant enough to include the event in the catalog, dollar values reported at the time of the event were converted to 1990 dollar values using Table 2 shown below. Monetary conversion tables for the time of the event were used to convert foreign currency to dollars. For those events not offering a monetary evaluation of damage, the following qualitative five-level scale was used to classify damage (1990 dollars): 1 = LIMITED (roughly corresponding to less than $1 million) 2 = MODERATE (roughly corresponding to $1 to $5 million) 3 = SEVERE (roughly corresponding to $5 to $25 million) 4 = EXTREME (roughly corresponding to $25 million or more) When possible, a rough estimate was made of the dollar amount of damage based upon the description provided, in order to choose the damage category. In many cases, only a single descriptive term was available. These terms were converted to the damage categories based upon the author's apparent use of the term elsewhere. In the absence of other information, LIMITED is considered synonymous with slight, minor, and light; SEVERE as synonymous with major, extensive, and heavy; and EXTREME as synonymous with catastrophic. Note: The descriptive terms relate approximately to current dollar values. 1.8 Tsunami: When a tsunami was generated by the earthquake, a "1" appears in the column following the DAMAGE column. 1.9 Geographic location: This is only an approximate location. Events prior to 1900 were not instrumentally located, therefore, the location given is based on the latitude and longitude of the city where the damage occurred. In the geographic location column, the country is listed first, then the province or state, and finally the city or cities where damage was reported. If there are different spellings of a city name, the current spelling is listed first followed by the alternate spelling in parentheses. 1.10 References: Multiple entries, indicated by an asterisk (*), are given when references offer substantially different information. References are listed in Appendix A shown below. 1.11 Caveat: Erroneous statistical conclusions can be drawn from the numbers of earthquakes taken from Catalog of Significant Earthquakes, 2150 B.C. - 1991 A.D. The reporting of large or destructive earthquakes is not homogeneous in space or time, particularly for periods prior to the 1900s. Because this publication mainly lists those earthquakes that have caused death or damage, the number of earthquake reports is dependent on the written history available for a particular region, as well as on the rate of development of population centers and related structures. Therefore, it is misleading to use the numbers of significant earthquakes in that publication to suggest statistically that there has been an increase in worldwide seismic activity since 1900 or for any time period. The following observations must be taken into account when looking at that "apparent" increase in activity: Instrumental seismology is a young science. The first calibrated instruments to measure seismic waves traveling through the earth did not appear until the late 1800s. At that time, seismologists became aware of the vast numbers of earthquakes occurring throughout the world, but because of the insensitivity of their instruments they were able to locate only the large magnitude events. The 1960s saw two major advances. First, a network of seismological observatories was installed by the United States Government, principally to monitor underground nuclear tests. These sensitive instruments could detect and identify earthquakes anywhere in the world from about magnitude 4.5. Second, computers became available in the late 1960s. Computers allowed seismologists to leave inaccurate and cumbersome graphical methods of locating earthquakes, and to process the increasing volume of new network data more rapidly than ever before. Prior to 1962, only hundreds of earthquake epicenters were determined each year by Government and academic institutions, but the number increased to the thousands using computerized location methods. In some special local studies, more than 100,000 earthquakes per year were identified and located. In summary, using the data in Catalog of Significant Earthquakes, 2150 B.C. - 1991 A.D. to suggest that there has been an increase in worldwide earthquake activity is misleading and erroneous. The above observations and reporting factors must also be considered when making statistical studies based on that historical data report. NOTE: The published hard copy version of the Catalog of Significant Earthquakes is also available from NGDC. For more information, call (303) 497-6084 or write: World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics National Geophysical Data Center NOAA, Code E/GC1 325 Broadway Boulder, CO 80303-3328, U.S.A. email pkd@ngdc.noaa.gov Table 2.--Purchasing Power of the Dollar from 1800 to 1990 (1990 = 100) NOTE: The year followed by a value in 1990 dollars indicates the purchasing power of the consumer dollar for that year. For example, in Table 1 the damage reported for the 1906 San Francisco, California earthquake was $900,000. To determine the value of the damage in 1990 dollars, multiply $900,000 by 14.502 (value of the consumer dollar for 1906). Therefore, damage from the 1906 earthquake in 1990 dollars equals $900,000 x 14.502 = $13,051,800,000. 1990 1.000 1977 2.157 1964 4.216 1951 5.027 1938 9.270 1989 1.054 1976 2.297 1963 4.271 1950 5.423 1937 9.076 1988 1.105 1975 2.429 1962 4.328 1949 5.492 1936 9.403 1987 1.151 1974 2.651 1961 4.371 1948 5.423 1935 9.540 1986 1.193 1973 2.944 1960 4.416 1947 5.861 1934 9.754 1985 1.215 1972 3.127 1959 4.491 1946 6.703 1933 10.054 1984 1.258 1971 3.227 1958 4.522 1945 7.261 1932 9.540 1983 1.312 1970 3.369 1957 4.651 1944 7.426 1931 8.599 1982 1.354 1969 3.561 1956 4.805 1943 7.555 1930 7.826 1981 1.438 1968 3.756 1955 4.877 1942 8.018 1929 7.643 1980 1.586 1967 3.913 1954 4.859 1941 8.891 1928 7.643 1979 1.800 1966 4.034 1953 4.895 1940 9.336 1927 7.511 1978 2.005 1965 4.149 1952 4.932 1939 9.403 1926 7.384 1925 7.469 1912 13.502 1899 15.662 1886 14.502 1873 10.876 1924 7.643 1911 13.984 1898 15.662 1885 14.502 1872 10.876 1923 7.643 1910 13.984 1897 15.662 1884 14.502 1871 10.876 1922 7.780 1909 14.502 1896 15.662 1883 13.984 1870 10.304 1921 7.302 1908 14.502 1895 15.662 1882 13.502 1869 9.789 1920 6.535 1907 13.984 1894 15.059 1881 13.502 1868 9.789 1919 7.555 1906 14.502 1893 14.502 1880 13.502 1867 9.323 1918 8.656 1905 14.502 1892 14.502 1879 13.984 1866 8.899 1917 10.211 1904 14.502 1891 14.502 1878 13.502 1865 8.512 1916 11.991 1903 14.502 1890 14.502 1877 12.236 1864 8.331 1915 12.941 1902 15.059 1889 14.502 1876 12.236 1863 10.582 1914 13.070 1901 15.662 1888 14.502 1875 11.865 1862 13.052 1913 13.202 1900 15.662 1887 14.502 1874 11.516 1861 14.502 1860 14.502 1847 13.984 1834 13.052 1821 9.789 1808 8.157 1859 14.502 1846 14.502 1833 13.502 1820 9.323 1807 8.899 1858 15.059 1845 13.984 1832 13.052 1819 8.512 1806 8.331 1857 13.984 1844 13.984 1831 12.236 1818 8.512 1805 8.701 1856 14.502 1843 13.984 1830 12.236 1817 8.157 1804 8.701 1855 13.984 1842 13.502 1829 12.236 1816 7.677 1803 8.701 1854 14.502 1841 12.630 1828 11.865 1815 7.119 1802 9.106 1853 15.662 1840 13.052 1827 11.516 1814 6.215 1801 7.831 1852 15.662 1839 12.236 1826 11.516 1813 6.751 1800 7.677 1851 15.662 1838 12.236 1825 11.516 1812 7.677 1850 15.662 1837 11.516 1824 11.865 1811 7.831 1849 15.662 1836 11.865 1823 10.876 1810 8.331 1848 15.059 1835 12.630 1822 9.789 1809 8.331 Reference: Based on Consumer Price Indexes for 1960-1990 as given on p. 478 of Statistical Abstract of the United States 1991, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Bureau of Census, 1991; Consumer Price Indexes for 1913-1988 as given on p. 475 of the Handbook of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989; and Consumer Price Indexes for 1800-1970 as given on p. 210-211 of Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of Census, 1975. ======================================================== END OF DOCUMENTATION FILE ======================================================== ========================================================