*flag_duplicate An asterisk (*) indicates an event which was described by more than one source for which different sources gave different parameters for the earthquake or its effects. *century_and_year The century and the year. *month Month of the year. Values range from 01 to 12. *day Day of the month. Values range from 1 to 31. *hour Hour of the day (0-23) in Greenwich Mean time (GMT) *minute Minute after the hour (0-59) in GMT. *latitude This is the geographic latitude expressed as a decimal number. The units are degrees. The range is -90.0 to +90.0, where plus designates North latitude and minus designates South latitude. *longitude This is the geographic longitude expressed as a decimal number. The units are degrees. The range is -180.0 to +180.0, where plus designates East longitude and minus designates West longitude. *depth_km Hypocentral Depth (positive downward) in kilometers from the surface. *magnitude_unknown These are magnitudes as listed in the Significant Earthquake catalog. Since these magnitudes come from a variety of sources their precise nature is unknown. Most can be assumed to be based on surface waves or the equivalent derived from intensities for pre-instrumental events. The magnitude is a measure of seismic energy. The magnitude scale is logarithmic. An increase of one in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in the recorded wave amplitude. However, the energy release associated with an increase of one in magnitude is not tenfold, but thirtyfold. For example, approximately 900 times more energy is released in an earthquake of magnitude 7 than in an earthquake of magnitude 5. Each increase in magnitude of one unit is equivalent to an icnrease of seismic energy of about 1,600,000,000,000 ergs. *intensity Modified Mercalli Scale intensity is given in Roman Numerals. Values range from I to XII. (Roman Numerals were converted to numbers in the digital database. Values range from 1 to 12.) Macroseismic information is compiled from various sources including newspaper articles, Foreign broadcasts, U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake reports and seismological station reports. An interpretation of the values is listed in Table 1 shown below. Table 1.--Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 19311 I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable circumstances. II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing. III. Felt quite noticeably indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings, but many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibration like passing truck. Duration estimated. IV. During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. At night some awakened. Dishes, windows, and doors disturbed; walls make creaking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motorcars rock noticeably. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows, etc., broken; a few instances of cracked plaster; unstable objects overturned. Disturbance of trees, poles, and other tall objects sometimes noticed. Pendulum clocks may stop. VI. Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys. Damage slight. VII. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction slight to moderate in well built ordinary structures; considerable in poorly built or badly designed structures. Some chimneys broken. Noticed by persons driving motor cars. VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinary substantial buildings, with partial collapse; great in poorly built structures. Panel walls thrown out of frame structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Sand and mud ejected in small amounts. Changes in well water. Persons driving motor cars disturbed. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well- designed frame structures thrown out of plumb; great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Ground cracked conspicuously. Underground pipes broken. X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations; ground badly cracked. Rails bent. Landslides considerable from river banks and steep slopes. Shifted sand and mud. Water splashed over banks. XI. Few, if any (masonry), structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in ground. Underground pipelines completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails bent greatly. XII. Damage total. Waves seen on ground surfaces. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air. *death_description A description of the number of deaths reported from the earthquake: 1 = Few 2 = Some 3 = Many (Used if the actual number of deaths was not available) *number_of_deaths The number of deaths reported from the earthquake. *damage_description If a dollar amount for damage was not found in the literature searched for the Significant Earthquake catalog, the following qualitative four-level scale was used to classify damage (1990 dollars): 1 = LIMITED (roughly corresponding to less than $1 million) 2 = MODERATE (roughly corresponding to $1 to $5 million) 3 = SEVERE (roughly corresponding to $5 to $25 million) 4 = EXTREME (roughly corresponding to $25 million or more) When possible, a rough estimate was made of the dollar amount of damage based upon the description provided in order to choose the damage category. In many cases, only a single descriptive term was available. These terms were converted to the damage categories based upon the use of the term elsewhere. In the absence of other information: LIMITED is considered synonymous with slight, minor or light; SEVERE is synonymous with major, extensive or heavy; and EXTREME is synonymous with catastrophic. Note: The descriptive terms relate approximately to current dollar values. *damage_millions_dollars When a dollar amount was found in the literature searched for the Significant Earthquake catalog, it was listed in millions of U.S. dollars. The dollar value listed is the value at the time of the event. To determine if the damage was significant enough to include in the catalog, dollar values reported at the time of the event were converted to 1990 dollar values using Table 2 shown below. Monetary conversion tables for the time of the event were used to convert foreign currency to dollars. Note: The descriptive terms relate approximately to current dollar values. Table 2.--Purchasing Power of the Dollar from 1800 to 1990 (1990 = 100) NOTE: The year followed by a value in 1990 dollars indicates the purchasing power of the consumer dollar for that year. For example, in Table 1 the damage reported for the 1906 San Francisco, California earthquake was $900,000. To determine the value of the damage in 1990 dollars, multiply $900,000 by 14.502 (value of the consumer dollar for 1906). Therefore, damage from the 1906 earthquake in 1990 dollars equals $900,000 x 14.502 = $13,051,800,000. 1990 1.000 1977 2.157 1964 4.216 1951 5.027 1938 9.270 1989 1.054 1976 2.297 1963 4.271 1950 5.423 1937 9.076 1988 1.105 1975 2.429 1962 4.328 1949 5.492 1936 9.403 1987 1.151 1974 2.651 1961 4.371 1948 5.423 1935 9.540 1986 1.193 1973 2.944 1960 4.416 1947 5.861 1934 9.754 1985 1.215 1972 3.127 1959 4.491 1946 6.703 1933 10.054 1984 1.258 1971 3.227 1958 4.522 1945 7.261 1932 9.540 1983 1.312 1970 3.369 1957 4.651 1944 7.426 1931 8.599 1982 1.354 1969 3.561 1956 4.805 1943 7.555 1930 7.826 1981 1.438 1968 3.756 1955 4.877 1942 8.018 1929 7.643 1980 1.586 1967 3.913 1954 4.859 1941 8.891 1928 7.643 1979 1.800 1966 4.034 1953 4.895 1940 9.336 1927 7.511 1978 2.005 1965 4.149 1952 4.932 1939 9.403 1926 7.384 1925 7.469 1912 13.502 1899 15.662 1886 14.502 1873 10.876 1924 7.643 1911 13.984 1898 15.662 1885 14.502 1872 10.876 1923 7.643 1910 13.984 1897 15.662 1884 14.502 1871 10.876 1922 7.780 1909 14.502 1896 15.662 1883 13.984 1870 10.304 1921 7.302 1908 14.502 1895 15.662 1882 13.502 1869 9.789 1920 6.535 1907 13.984 1894 15.059 1881 13.502 1868 9.789 1919 7.555 1906 14.502 1893 14.502 1880 13.502 1867 9.323 1918 8.656 1905 14.502 1892 14.502 1879 13.984 1866 8.899 1917 10.211 1904 14.502 1891 14.502 1878 13.502 1865 8.512 1916 11.991 1903 14.502 1890 14.502 1877 12.236 1864 8.331 1915 12.941 1902 15.059 1889 14.502 1876 12.236 1863 10.582 1914 13.070 1901 15.662 1888 14.502 1875 11.865 1862 13.052 1913 13.202 1900 15.662 1887 14.502 1874 11.516 1861 14.502 1860 14.502 1847 13.984 1834 13.052 1821 9.789 1808 8.157 1859 14.502 1846 14.502 1833 13.502 1820 9.323 1807 8.899 1858 15.059 1845 13.984 1832 13.052 1819 8.512 1806 8.331 1857 13.984 1844 13.984 1831 12.236 1818 8.512 1805 8.701 1856 14.502 1843 13.984 1830 12.236 1817 8.157 1804 8.701 1855 13.984 1842 13.502 1829 12.236 1816 7.677 1803 8.701 1854 14.502 1841 12.630 1828 11.865 1815 7.119 1802 9.106 1853 15.662 1840 13.052 1827 11.516 1814 6.215 1801 7.831 1852 15.662 1839 12.236 1826 11.516 1813 6.751 1800 7.677 1851 15.662 1838 12.236 1825 11.516 1812 7.677 1850 15.662 1837 11.516 1824 11.865 1811 7.831 1849 15.662 1836 11.865 1823 10.876 1810 8.331 1848 15.059 1835 12.630 1822 9.789 1809 8.331 Reference: Based on Consumer Price Indexes for 1960-1990 as given on p. 478 of Statistical Abstract of the United States 1991, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Bureau of Census, 1991; Consumer Price Indexes for 1913-1988 as given on p. 475 of the Handbook of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989; and Consumer Price Indexes for 1800-1970 as given on p. 210-211 of Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of Census, 1975. *flag_tsunami Indicates whether a tsunami was associated with an earthquake by the following code: 1 = Tsunami was generated *data_source This is a code referring to the source of the data, a reference or seismological observation, network or data collection agency. References are listed in Appendix A shown below. APPENDIX A References listed numerically (These are the best available references for the listed publications.) 1. Gutenberg, B. and C. Richter, Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena, 2nd Edition, Hafner Publishing Co., New York, NY, 1965. (Reproduction of the 1954 Edition by Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1954). 2. Lomnitz, C., Development in Geotectonics #5, Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1974. 3. Bath, M., Introduction to Seismology, Halsted Press, 1978. 4. Karnik, V., Seismicity of the European Area, Part 1, D. Riedel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1969. 5. Davison, C., Great Earthquakes, Thomas Muby and Co., London, United Kingdom, 1936. 6. Richter, C., Elementary Seismology, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA, 1958. 8-37. U.S. Department of Commerce, United States Earthquakes, Annual publication prepared by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1928-1968; prepared by NOAA 1969-1972; prepared by NOAA in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey 1973-1980, U.S. Geological Survey 1981-1983, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (total of 29 publications). 38. Bolt, B., W. Horn, G. MacDonald, and R. Scott, Geological Hazards, Springer-Verlag Publishing Co., 1975. 39. Rothe, J.P., Annual Summary of Information on Natural Disasters 1966-75, The UNESCO Press, Paris, France. 40. Rothe, J.P., The Seismicity of the Earth 1953-1965, United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France, 1969. 41-42. U.S. Department of Commerce, United States Earthquakes, Annual publication, prepared by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1928-1968; NOAA 1969-1972; NOAA in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey 1973-1977, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 43. Neuman, F., U.S. Dept. of Commerce, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Seismological Report Jan.-Dec. 1927, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1929. 44. Kondorskaya, N.V. and N.V. Shebalin, New Catalog of Strong Earthquakes in the Territory of the USSR from Ancient Times to 1975, SE-31, U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, CO, 1982. Originally published in Russian by the Academy of Science, Moscow, USSR, 1977. 45. Kim S.G. and B.K. Hyun, Seismicity of the Korean Peninsula and its Relation with Plate Tectonics, 1970. 46. Rutten, L. and Van Radshooven, "On Earthquake Epicenters and Earthquake Shocks Between 1913 and 1938 in the Region Between 0 and 30 Degrees North and 56 and 120 Degrees West," Nederl. Akad. Wet., Yerh (Tweede Sectie), XXXIX, No. 4, 1940. 47. Comite del Ano Geofisico Internacional del Ecuador, Breve Historia de los Principales Teremotos en la Republica del Ecuador, Observatorio Astronomico de Quito, Quito, Ecuador, 1959. 48. Academia Sinica Catalog of Chinese Earthquakes, Vol. I (1177 BC to 1900 AD) and Vol. II (1901 to 1949), Institute of Geophysics, Peking, China, 1970. 49. Hall, M., Earthquakes in Jamaica--The Great Earthquake of January 14, 1907 and the After Shocks, Third Report, No. 337, Government Printing Office, Kingston, Jamaica 1907. 50. Marsh, S., editor, GEOtimes, a monthly publication of the American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1980 to present. 51. Munchener Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft, World Map of Natural Hazards, Munich Federal Republic of Germany, 1978. 52. Lee, W.H.K., F.T. Wu, and C. Jacobsen, "A Catalog of Historical Earthquakes in China Compiled from Recent Chinese Publications," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 66, No. 6, December 1976, pp. 2003-2016. 53. National Earthquake Information Service, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE), a monthly publication, Golden, Colorado, 1980 to present. 54. McClelland, Lindsay, et al, editors, SEAN Bulletin, a monthly publication of the Scientific Event Alert Network of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1980-1989. 55. Milne, J., "Catalogue of Destructive Earthquakes," Report of the 18th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Portsmouth, 1911, London, United Kingdom, pp. 649-740. 56. Iida K., D.C. Cox, and G. Pararas-Carayannis, Preliminary Catalogue of Tsunamis Occurring in the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics 67-10, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 1967. 57. Alsinawi, S., and H.A.A. Glalih, "Historical Seismicity of Iraq," Proceedings of the First Arab Seismological Seminar, Seismological Unit of Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq, 1978. 58. Sevilla, Valenzuela and Bellosiool, "Seismicity of the Philippines," Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 59. Cavasion, A., Il Terremoti d'Italia nel trentaciquennio 1899-1933, Rome Instituto Poligrafico dello Stato Libreria, Rome, Italy, 1935. 60. Reid, H.F., List of Strong Shocks in the United States and Dependencies, British Association Reports, 1911. 61. Chinese Seismological Society Report on July 28, 1976 Event, Dallian Meeting 1979, Xinhua News Agency, China, 1979. 62. Agamennone, G., Il Terremoto Nel Vallo Cosentino del 3 Diciembre 1887, Estratto dagli Annali dell' Ufficio Centrale. 63. Caloi, P., Attivita Sismica en Italia nel Decennio 1930-1939, Reale Accademia D'Italia, Vol. IX, 1942. 64. Funvisis, El Riesgo Sismico En Venezuela, Fundacion Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismologicas (a brochure). 65. Suzuki, Z., General Report on the Tokachi Oki Earthquake of 1968, Keigaku Pub. Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1971. 66. Mengin, O., editor, UNDRO News, a bimonthly publication of the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization Coordinator, Geneva, Switzerland, 1980 to present. 67. New York Times Information Service Retrieval, The New York Times Information Service Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey. 68. Heck, N.H., Japanese Earthquakes, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 34, No. 3, July 1944, pp. 117-136. 69. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Newsletter, 1982. 70. Berger, Andre L. et al, editors, EOS, a weekly publication of the American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 1980 to present. 71. Ergin, K., U. Guclu, and V. Hz, A Catalogue of Earthquakes for Turkey and Surrounding Area (11 A.D. to 1964 A.D.), Istanbul, Turkey, 1967. 72. Maso, M.S., Catalogue of Violent and Destructive Earthquakes in the Philippines (1599-1909), Manila, Philippines, 1910. 73. U.S. Congress, Great Earthquakes, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C. Vol. 1, March 1888. 74. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Destructive and Near-Destructive Earthquakes in California and Western Nevada, 1769-1933, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1934. 75. Giorgetti, F. and E. Iaccarino, Italian Earthquake Catalogue from the Beginning of the Christian Age up to 1968, Osservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy, 1971. 76. International Tsunami Information Center, Tsunami Newsletter, Honolulu, Hawaii, published periodically, 1977 to present. 77. Junner, N., The Accra Earthquake of 22 June, 1939, Gold Coast Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 13, 1941. 78. Reid, H. and S. Taber, The Porto Rico Earthquake of 1918 with Descriptions of Earlier Earthquakes, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1919. 79. California Division of Water Resources, Report on Physical Effects of Arvin Earthquake of July 21, 1952, Sacramento, Calif., 1952. 80. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The Caracas Earthquake of 29 July 1967, Paris, France, 1968. 81. Woods, Mary C., California Geology, a monthly publication of the California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento, California, 1989. 82. Minoza, W.A., A.T. Ocampo Jr., and A. Bellosillo Jr., Significant Philippine Earthquakes 1949-1959, Republic of the Philippines, Department of Commerce and Industry, Weather Bureau, Manila, Philippines, 1959. 83. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, Tsunami Warning Log, Honolulu, Hawaii, published when necessary. 84. Brooks, J.A., Earthquake Activity and Seismic Risk in Papua New Guinea, Commonwealth of Australia, Department of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. 85. O'Connell, D.J.K., Deep Focus Earthquake, 1909-1912, The Society, Science House, Sydney, Australia, 1946. 86. O'Connell, D.J.K., Major Shallow Earthquakes, 1909-1911, The Society, Science House, Sydney, Australia, 1947. 87. Greve, F., Distribucion Profundidad e Intensidad de los Temblores en la Cordillera de los Andes al sur del paralelo 15ø S y en el Oceano Pacifico Sur Este. 88. Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Committee on Geophysical Sciences, Estudios sobre la sismicidad de la costa occidental del Continente Americano. Mexico, D.F., Mexico, 1963. 89. Rothe, J.P., Tableau de la seismicite du globe pendant les annees 1961 et 1962, Instutute de Physique du Globe, Faculte des Sciences, Revue de L'Union Internationale de Secours, No. 1, Geneva, Switzerland, June 1964. 90. Instutut de Physique de Globe, Faculte des Sciences, Revue de L'Union Internacionale de Secours, No. 36, Geneva, Switzerland, December 1959. 91. Rojo, A., Notas Sismicas de 1956, Trabajos cietificos del Observatorio de Cartuja (Granada), Series B, Year XI, No. 98, Madrid, Spain, 1957. 92. Abe, K., "Magnitudes of Large Shallow Earthquakes from 1904 to 1980," Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 27, 1981, pp. 72-92. 93. Montandon, F., Les Tremblements de Terre Destructeurs en Europe, a L'Union Internationale de Secours, Geneva, Switzerland, 1953. 94. Perry, M., Documents Sur Les Tremblementes de Terre, 1857. 95. Singh, K., "Earthquakes in India and Neighborhood," Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics, Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1966. 96. Gauthier, H., Des Tremblement de Terre Signales En Chine, Bulletin de l'Observatoire de Zi-Ka-Wei, Tome XXXIII, Annee 1907, Fasc., C. 97. Imamura, A., Topographical Changes Accompanying Earthquake or Volcanic Eruptions, Earthquake Investigation Committee, Tokyo, Japan, 1930. 98. Ambraseys, N.N., "On the Seismicity of Southwest Asia, Data from AXV Century Arabic Manuscript," Revue por l'Etude des Calamities, No. 37, Union Internacionale de Secures, Geneva, Switzerland, 1961. 99. Karnik, V., Seismicity of the European Area, Part 2, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1971. 100. Chaudbury, H.M., "Seismology in India," Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 101. Ambraseys, N.N., G. Lensen, and A. Moinfar, The Pattan Earthquake of 28 December 1974, UNESCO Technical Report Rp/1975-1976/2.222.3 (prepared by the Government of Pakistan for UNESCO), Paris, France, 1975. 102. Kuroiwa, J.H., Earthquake Engineering Problems in Peru, Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 103. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Earthquake History Vicinity of Panama Canal and Adjacent Region, Manuscript MSS-3 C, 1935. 104. Abe, K., and S. Noguchi, "Determination of Magnitude for Large, Shallow Earthquakes 1898-1917," Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 32, 1983, pp. 45-59. 105. Instituto Geologico del Peru, Datos Sismologicos del Peru 1949-1950, Boletin No. 4, Ministerio de Fomento y Obras Publicas Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Fomento Mineros, Lima, Peru, 1952. 106. Cavanna, A.J.S., Earthquake Problems of Structures in Ecuador, Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 107. Latour, H.S., Building Construction and Earthquakes in Guatemala, Individual Studies by Participants to the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, December 1965. 108. Plassand, J., and B. Kogoj, Catalogue des Seismes Ressentis au Liban, Observatore de Koara par Zable, 1962. 109. Mihailovic, D.J., Catalogue des Tremblements de Terre Epiro-Albanais, Archive Seismologique de L'Institut seismoogique de Beograd, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 1951. 110. Ramirez, E., "Historia de 100 Terremotos en Colombia," Bibliographical Bulletin of American Geophysics and Oceanography, Instituto Panamericano de Geographia e Historia, Mexico, D.F. Mexico, 1968. 111. Silgado, E., "Historia de los Sismos Mas Notables Occurridos en el Peru (1513-1970)," Geofisica Panamericana, Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1973, pp. 179-243. 112. U.S. Department of Commerce Bulletin, 1985. 113. U.S. Department of State Bulletin, 1984. 114. Greve, F., Determinacion Del Coefficiente De Seguridad Antisismico Para Las Diferentes Zonas de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Instituto Sismologic, Editorial Universitaria S.A. Ricardo Santa Cruz 747, Santiago, Chile, 1950. 116. Rothe, J.P., "La Seismicite des Alpes Occidentales," Annales de L'Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasborg, 3 me parte: Geophysique, Tome III, 1938. 117. Ambraseys, N.N., and C.P. Melville, A History of Persian Earthquakes, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1982. 118. Ramirez, J.E., "Historia de los Terremotos en Columbia," Boletin Bibliografico de Geofisica y Oceanografia Americanas, Mexico, 1968. 119. Aytun, A., Experience Gained from Recent Earthquakes in Turkey, Working Paper 7, 1971. 120. Berberian, M., Tabas-e-Golshan (Iran) Catastrophic Earthquake of 16 September 1978; Preliminary Report, Dept. of Geodesy and Geophysics, University of Cambridge, Permagon Press, 1979, pp. 207-219. 121. Steward, G., Historic U.S. Seismograms and Earthquakes (prior to 1963), March 1969. 122. Visser, S., Inland and Submarine Epicenters of Sumatra and Java Earthquakes, Batavia, 1922. 123. Ribaric, V., "The Idrija Earthquake of March 26, 1511," Tectonophysics, Vol. 53, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979, pp. 315-324. 124. Udias, A., and D. Munoz, "The Andalusian Earthquake of 25 Dec 1884," Tectonophysics, Vol. 53, 1979, pp. 291-299. 125. Stefansson, R., "Catastrophic Earthquakes in Iceland," Tectonophysics, Vol. 53, 1979, pp. 273-278. 126. Rowshandel, B., S. Nemat-Nasser, H. Adeli, A Tentative Study of Seismic Risk in Iran, Earthquake Research and Engineering Laboratory Technical Report No. 78-3-9, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois, 1978. 127. Egred, J.A., Breve Historia Sismica De La Republica Del Ecuador, Boletin, Bibliografico de Geofisic y Oceanografia Americanas, Vol. IV parte Geofisica 1965-1967, Mexico, 1968, pp. 147-158. 128. Coffman, J.L. and C.A. von Hake, Earthquake History of the United States, Pub. 41-1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, CO, 1973, and 1982 Supplement. 129. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Studies in Seismicity and Earthquake Damage Statistics, 1969, March, 1969. 130. Ambraseys, N.N., "A Test Case of Historical Seismicity of Isfahan and Chahar Mahal, Iran," The Geographical Journal, The Royal Geographical Society, London, Vol. 145 part 1, March 1979, pp. 56-71. 131. U.S. Geological Survey, Significant Earthquakes of the World, 1979, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, No. 1-80, January 28, 1980. 132. U.S. Geological Survey, Significant Earthquakes of the World, 1978, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, 1979. 133. Press, F., and R. Siever, Earth, 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1978. 134. Gouin, P., Earthquake History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, Monograph IDRC-118, Geophysical Observatory, Univ. of Addis Ababa. 135. Stratta, J.L. and L.A. Wyllie, Reconnaissance Report; Fruila, Italy Earthquake of 1976, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, Calif., 1979. 136. U.S. Army Corps Engineering, The Fukui Earthquake Hokuriku Region, Japan, 28 June 1948, Vol. I, Geology, Office of Engineer, General Headquarters, Far East Command, February 1949. 137. Heck, N.H., Japanese Earthquakes from the Military Viewpoint, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Manuscript, 1942. 138. Ambraseys, N.N., "Middle East A Reappraisal of Seismicity," Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology, Vol. II, 1978, pp. 19-32. 139. Mayer-Rosa, D., and B. Cadiot, "A Review of the 1356 Basel Earthquake: Basic Data," Tectonophysics, Vol. 53, 1979, pp. 325-333. 140. Spall, H., editor, Earthquake Information Bulletin, a bimonthly U.S. Geological Survey publication. 141. Tabban, A., Seismicity of Turkey, Individual Studies by Participants at the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 6, December 1970, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 59-74. 142. Instituto Geologico de Mexico, "Terremoto Mexicano del 3 de Enero de 1920," Boletin, No. 38, Mexico, D.F. Mexico, 1922. 143. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Anales del Instituto de Geofisica Mexico, D. F. Mexico, 1969. 144. Seismological Society of America, "Seismological Notes" appearing in Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (a monthly publication). 145. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, EDIS, Major Earthquake Listing, 1977. (unpublished). 146. Naval Oceanographic Office, Tsunamis and Seismic Seiches Reported from the Western, North and South Atlantic and the Coastal Waters of Northwestern Europe, Informal Report IR No. 6885, Washington, D.C., 1968. 147. Asimov, I., Asimov's Guide to the Bible, Publisher, Avon, N.Y., 1969. 148. 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