Coastal Change Analysis Project Chesapeake Bay Region (1984*1989) CD-ROM User's Manual by Allen M. Hittelman National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO Harry Iredale Mary Hollinger National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, DC Don Field National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, NC August 1994 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Ronald H. Brown, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker, Administrator COASTAL OCEAN PROGRAM Don Scavia, Director DISCLAIMER While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any inaccuracies in the data or as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. The user must be cautious when using these data and computer programs. These programs are for display and information purposes only. As in many complex scientific endeavors, errors can be expected. TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In this documentation, trademarked commercial products and companies are named. Mention of a commercial company or product does not imply endorsement by NOAA or the Department of Commerce. Use for publicity or advertising purposes of information from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products is not authorized. Throughout the publication, rather than put a trademark symbol in every occurrence of a trademarked name, we state that we are using the names only in an editorial fashion with no intention of infringement of the trademark. CONTENTS Introduction 1 Purpose of this Compilation 1 Contacts 2 Chapter 1: Program Background 3 Coastal Change Analysis Project 3 Chesapeake Bay Product Description 3 Chapter 2: Accessing Data with GeoVu 5 Hardware and Software Requirements 5 GeoVu Loading Instructions 5 Overview of GeoVu Access Software 6 Hints on Using GeoVu to Display CCAP Data 9 Future Software and Data Release Plans 15 Chapter 3: Technical Specifications 16 The Compact Disc Format 16 Care and Handling of the CD-ROM 16 Directory Structure of the CD-ROM 16 Chapter 4: Acknowledgments 17 Program Support 17 Staff Credits 17 References 18 Tables 20 Introduction Purpose of this Compilation This purpose of this compilation is to provide land cover classification data and the means of displaying these data to a broad range of potential users. This set consists of satellite derived data which were analyzed and classified according to use, the GeoVu software package developed at the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and this manual which discusses the data and explains how to use GeoVu to display and obtain useful information from these data. The compact disc contains approximately 336 megabytes of land data for the Chesapeake Bay area (1984 and 1988-1989). The majority of the data consists of three large binary grids (raster, 109 megabytes each), one classification for each time period, and one change analysis. The remaining 3% of the disc contains geopolitical base map reference data (in DLG format). The DLG data are unsupported within this product and are included for potential future upgrades. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) appreciates the value of integrated data management, and has assembled data for this compact disc in order to simplify the work of scientists performing regional geophysical studies. The compact disc medium was selected because it is capable of storing a large quantity of data, while providing easy and cost-effective retrieval in a desktop environment. The primary application for this disc is the analysis of change with respect to land usage in the Chesapeake Bay region. We at NOAA view this as an "evolving" product. As such, your input on future improvements is very much needed. What other access capabilities should we develop? Are we going in the right direction? Contacts End user support: Allen M. Hittelman National Geophysical Data Center NOAA, E/GC1 325 Broadway Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328 Phone: 303-497-6591 Fax: 303-497-6513 Internet: ahittelman@ngdc.noaa.gov Data products: Mary Hollinger National Oceanographic Data Center NOAA, E/OC11 1825 Connecticut Ave, NW; Room 412 Washington, DC 20235-0001 Phone: 202-606-4549 Fax: 202-606-4170 Internet: mhollinger@nodc.noaa.gov Chapter 1 Program Background Coastal Change Analysis Project The Coastal Change Analysis Project (CCAP, formerly known as the Coastwatch-Change Analysis Project) is a component of NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program Estuarine Habitat Program. Its purpose is to "improve understanding of the relationships among land cover changes, changes in aquatic habitat, and changes in fisheries" (Dobson and Bright, 1993). One means of accomplishing this is to monitor the change of U.S. coastal habitat using remotely-sensed data as frequently as needed and as resources permit. But, to monitor land cover changes successfully, "a classification system for coastal uplands, wetlands, and submerged ecosystems was required" (Klemas et al., 1993). Through a series of regional workshops, CCAP has worked with other Federal and State agencies, and academia to establish a CCAP protocol, including a suitable classification system for performing land cover analysis (Dobson et al., 1993). A primary objective is to periodically analyze remotely-sensed data for specified coastal regions, depending upon the need. CCAP released its first product, the Chesapeake Bay data set, in September 1992. Several other CCAP land cover products are expected in the near future for selected coastal areas of Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, North Carolina, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska. Chesapeake Bay Product Description The Chesapeake Bay product consists of three parts: (1) a 1984 land cover analysis, (2) a 1988-1989 land cover analysis, and (3) a land cover change analysis, all in raster format. These data are in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system. (See .HDR files for projection documentation.) Each of the three components has 8958 pixels per row, with 12,150 rows, for a total of nearly 109 megabytes in each data file. Each product is the result of a mosaic created from four Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes which were truncated at the edges of the Chesapeake Bay drainage area. Each computer integer (binary) value is one pixel. The documentation for each product is in separate files of 80 byte ASCII records. (See Dobson and Bright, 1993, for details. See also CCAP.TXT on the CD-ROM.) The data set was analyzed, validated, and produced by Jerome Dobson and Edward Bright at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory according to the CCAP protocol. The land cover analysis defined 14 classes for the Chesapeake Bay region (see Table 1 on page 19). The eighty-one classes resulting from the various combinations of changes between 1984 and 1988-1989 are presented in Table II (page 19). Chapter 2 Accessing Data with GeoVu Hardware and Software Requirements The access software provided with this package will operate on any IBM-PC/AT or compatible personal computer, with MS Windows (3.1) and a compatible CD-ROM reader. The software is not designed to operate on other types of computers (e.g., Macintosh); however, support for other platforms is expected the future. Three megabytes of hard disk space are required to load and execute the software. A large capacity hard disk is needed if large files are to be copied from the CD, or if many screen images are to be saved. We recommend using a computer with a minimum of eight megabytes of RAM. A math coprocessor should significantly speed up the application. GeoVu Loading Instructions The GeoVu software is provided on the CD-ROM in the root directory. 1. Insert the GeoVu access software into the appropriate disk drive. If you are installing the software from the CD-ROM, insert the CD into the reader (and make sure the reader is turned on). If installing from a diskette, insert the diskette into the appropriate drive. 2. Run the program SETUP. If Windows is running, use the Program Manager File menu to select RUN. If a: is the drive used, type A:\SETUP in response to the Run dialog. If Windows is not running, set your current directory to the floppy disk drive: type A: and type SETUP . 3. Follow the installation instructions on the screen. The contents of the GeoVu directory will be copied to your hard drive in the directory of your choice. The install default will create a directory, GEOVU, in the same drive as your Windows directory (e.g., C:\GEOVU). The install will also create a file, FREEFORM.INI, in your Windows directory, and create a GeoVu Program Manager Group and icon. 4. You can set the CD-ROM drive letter while GeoVu is running. However, to have it appear as a default you need to edit the distribution copy of CDMENU.LST (found in your GeoVu directory) so the letter matches your configuration. Editing instructions are found within this ASCII file. Overview of GeoVu Access Software There are several ways to run GeoVu: 1. If your current working directory is the GeoVu directory, you can start GeoVu from the DOS command line by entering the command WIN G2 from the DOS prompt. 2. To start GeoVu as a Windows desktop application, double-click on the GeoVu icon. 3. Remember that GeoVu help is available through either a HELP key or F1. Pull-down menus are a familiar part of any Windows application. They appear at the top of the application window, and each one displays a family of commands when you click on it. The GeoVu menus are File, Edit, Search, Documents, GeoRefer, Windows, Utilities, and Help. There are three major components of GeoVu: (1) The data description layer, known as FREEFORM, (2) The data navigation layer, known as the Menu Guide, and (3) The data browse and retrieval layer, referenced as GeoVu. When a user requests data, GeoVu searches for a format description using the FREEFORM layer (descriptions exist within the data compilation in the form of format files, .FMT). For data not previously defined, the user is prompted for format information. Data are often described in CD-ROMs in obscure ways, leaving users to guess the exact meaning of a cryptic file name. GeoVu's Menu Guide removes this obstacle by providing understandable navigation throughout the data compilation. The actual menu guide is written in an ASCII text, which GeoVu translates into screen dialogues with companion help panels. Using the Menu Guide, data producers are provided with a mechanism of integrating data documentation with the data itself; data users are rewarded with context-sensitive help and information. To Speed Up The Application The menu files for CDs which you access frequently should be moved to the GeoVu directory. Copy the menu file (.MEN) from the CD-ROM to the GeoVu directory on your hard disk. The browse and retrieval capabilities of GeoVu were designed to provide users with a quick-look and data extraction capabilities. GeoVu was not designed to provide GIS-level or sophisticated analysis level features, since numerous commercial products serve this function well. Rather, GeoVu was conceived of as a link between data compilations and the researcher's analytic application of choice. The following descriptions highlight GeoVu's major capabilities: 1. Display grids and images_with pan, zoom, profile, value look-up, color manipulation and histogram support. 2. Display tabular data sets_with two-dimensional plots of any combination of parameters. 3. Display correlative documentation_in the form of scrollable text boxes. 4. Extract data_in multi-platform representations, with choices of data content and structure. General Notes A "GeoVu User's Guide" exists in the form of a PostScript file, GVHELP.PS. You may wish to print out this file. Sometimes users open too many files, resulting in unfriendly computer memory messages. To help manage this situation, a STATUS display window is always available while running GeoVu. This helps you keep track of your open data and search definitions. The WINDOWS menu also helps by providing a list of all top-level display windows. GeoVu defines all latitude and longitude grids as geo-referenced (i.e., registered in latitude/longitude coordinates). The CCAP data are not geo-referenced. Map overlays, therefore, are not useful with this release. A double-click within an image display window will present image coordinates, data values, and class names. To quit the application, click the FILE menu item Quit GeoVu or use the close box on the GeoVu window. Hints on Using GeoVu to Display CCAP Data The data are accessible through a menu system that allows the user to: Select a specific data set Browse data set documentation Identify the geographic area-of-interest View the land cover classification codes Define the desired output (screen display, data to disk, or floppy diskette) View the selected data (using standard or user defined palettes) The maximum size grid that GeoVu can manipulate is equivalent to four megabytes of cells (e.g., 2,040 rows x 2,040 columns). For this reason GeoVu opens up CCAP data with a default compression of 6:1 (producing a grid of 2,025 x 1,493). To view the entire image produced by this compression, one must use GeoVu's panning capabilities; seeing perhaps only one-fifteenth (1/15) of the image at any one time. For example, at typical computer configuration with a screen resolution of 480 x 640, to view the full extent of the data one may need to pan 5 times vertically and 3 times horizontally. The CCAP data are in a projected space (UTM coordinates) with each pixel representing a 30 x 30-meter cell. Within the Chesapeake Bay region the data range from: 231,300 m (left) to 500,010 m (right) in X and 4,047,930 m (bottom) to 4,412,400 m (top) in Y To orient oneself in projected space, it is useful to view the entire region on one screen; this can be accomplished by choosing a 30:1 reduction. By positioning the mouse to your area of interest and double-clicking, GeoVu will display the location of this region. In this manner one can identify such areas as: X Y Annapolis 369,000 4,313,400 Baltimore 363,600 4,352,100 Lexington Park 375,300 4,236,900 Norfolk 393,300 4,086,600 Rehoboth Beach 491,400 4,285,500 Washington 322,200 4,308,000 To see a small region in full resolution, constrain your area selection to 60,000 meters in both the X and Y dimensions and set the reduction scale to 1 (i.e., add 30,000 to the top Y and Right X dimension, and subtract 30,000 from the left X and bottom Y values). Example: To display Annapolis (X = 369,000, Y = 4,313,400) region, set search limits to: Left Map X: 339000. Top Map Y: 4343400. Right Map X: 399000. Bottom Map Y: 4283400. and specify reduction = 1. A Sample Session 1. The initial screen to appear will be a STATUS dialog screen: Open Data Sets: None Searches Created: None 2. Select FILE from the menu bar. 3. Choose "Set Data Source". 4. Select "CCAP-Chesapeake Bay" Note: if you don't see this title on the list, it will be necessary to edit the file CDMENU.LST. This can be done from within GeoVu by using the "Edit" function's "Data Source List" option. 5. Change the CD-ROM drive letter, if necessary, and click OK. This will bring up an INTRODUCTION dialog screen. 6. Select "Open Data". The user will now be presented with the CCAP-Chesapeake Bay CD dialog screen. (Note: If the "OK" was selected, you close the dialog.) The selected file should be "Chesapeake Bay land cover classification." FACTS provides description and format information PREV returns user to the INTRODUCTION screen NEXT to select one of the three CCAP data sets CANCEL to return to the STATUS screen 7. Click NEXT. A list of the three CCAP grids will appear 8. You could select any of them, but for now select Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Change 1984 to 1988/89. This will close the dialog and return you to STATUS screen, where the OPEN DATA SETS should now reflect the location and file name of selected data. 9. Now that the file is open, you can define a search. Choose the SEARCH option from the menu bar and click on CREATE. An IMAGE SEARCH PARAMETERS dialog screen will appear. Many options exist and you are encouraged to experiment. 10. To display data: a default display will be generated if you click OK. The data will be displayed using a 6:1 reduction. to view the entire region in one screen, select "Set Search Parameters" and change the reduction scale to 30. to view the Annapolis region in full scale (as in the example above), select "Set Search Parameter Limits", change the X and Y limits (as previously specified), change the reduction scale to 1, and then click OK. The PROCESSING INFORMATION dialog screen appears while the image is being loaded. 11. When the image is displayed: Use scroll bars long the bottom and right edge to pan Double-click on a selected area to get UTM map coordinates, data values, and class names Use COLOR to select from numerous palettes that let you highlight areas of change in different ways (see palette section below for more details) Use ZOOMIN to enlarge an area Use ZOOMOUT to return to original scale Use FACTS to learn more about displayed data, including class descriptions Use HISTogram to learn more about the distribution of data displayed Other options include: OVERLAY: (no overlay available; data are not in the currently supported projection) SAVE: to save the image to an output file PROFILE: provides a profile graph along a specified line (not very useful in classification schemes) REGION: (not currently operational) The previous sample session focused only on searches that produce a graphic display. However, when you create a search (object) you have other options, such as: (1) searches can generate a disk file, and (2) the search criteria itself can be saved. Use the search name edit box to give each search a unique name. This is useful, especially if you wish to revise existing search criteria. Please note that GeoVu has standard file extensions used when writing and reading files. Linking GeoVu with CCAP data presented several challenges. Specialized color palettes have been developed to emphasize attributes of the data. CCAP data grids are of three types_two snapshots in time and a change analysis between these two snapshots. The snapshots distinguish between only 14 classes of land cover and these are adequately viewed using the standard CCAP palette. The change analysis grid, however, uses 81 different categories, and these are very difficult to understand using a single palette. In implementing the solution, GeoVu was expanded to 256 colors, and a series of color palettes were developed to view nine classification changes at a time. In this manner, viewers are able to see developed regions and differentiate their historic classification (represented as nine original classes). Within each of the following specialized palettes, the nature of change is viewable by clicking the mouse on an appropriate color pixel: Change Palette: displays all areas of change as color, areas of no-change as black, and water as white. Developed Palette: displays only developed regions in color. All other classes display in black, except water which displays as white. Cropland/Grassland Palette: displays only cropland and grassland regions in color. All other classes display in black, except water which displays as white. Forest Palette: displays only forest regions in color. All other classes display in black, except water which displays as white. Scrub/Shrub Palette: displays only scrub and shrub regions in color. All other classes display in black, except water which displays as white. Palustrine Forest Palette: displays only palustrine forest regions in color. All other classes display in black, except water which displays as white. Estuarine Emergent Palette: displays only estuarine emergent regions in color. All other classes display in black, except water which displays as white. Palustrine Emergent Palette: displays only palustrine emergent regions in color. All other classes display in black, except water which displays as white. Exposed Land Palette: displays only exposed land regions in color. All other classes display in black, except water which displays as white. Water Palette: displays only water regions in color. All other classes display in black, except unchanged water regions as white. Once an area of interest is displayed, the viewer can easily alternate between palettes, by selections within the "Color" button. GeoVu does not re-read the data from the CD-ROM to alter color presentations; therefore, displays appear quickly. Palettes are located in an ASCII file called GEOPAL.LST. This file is editable and a user can change these palettes or generate their own. The basic format is "classification code, red-level, green-level, and blue-level" where levels range from 0 to 255 in value. Users are encouraged to be creative with color choices. Future Software and Data Release Plans There are several GeoVu software releases that are envisioned during 1994-1995: MS-Windows Release_included in this product, operates in a Microsoft Windows environment. Future Window Releases_will expand platform compatibility to include UNIX (Sun with "Open Look" X-windows) and Macintosh. Updates to GeoVu will be available free over Internet or for a diskette copying fee. Please send all inquiries about updates to Allen Hittelman via the address provided on page 2. As new data become available in other geographic regions and other time periods, additional compilations similar to this will be prepared. Chapter 3 Technical Specifications The Compact Disc Format The data on the CD-ROM are in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9660 format. Mastering of the CD-ROM disc and replication of the copies were done by Disc Manufacturing, Inc., Anaheim, California, under contract to NGDC. Care and Handling of CD-ROM Handle the CD-ROM carefully to avoid damage. Dust, scratches, ink, paint, and fingerprints may obscure some of the data. With careful handling, one can expect at least a 10-year lifetime for the data disc. Directory Structure of the CD-ROM The compact disc contains approximately 336 megabytes of data. The majority of the data consists of three large binary grids (109 megabytes each). The remaining 3% of the disc contains geopolitical base map reference data (in DLG format). GeoVu has standard file extensions used when writing and reading files and these may also appear on CD-ROM products: .BIN binary data files .FMT format descriptions .HED header documentation .HDR header files documenting grid data .MEN menu file .TXT documentation in ASCII Chapter 4 Acknowledgments Program Support The CCAP Chesapeake Bay land cover classification data sets were developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in collaboration with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Salisbury State University, Chesapeake Research Consortium, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Maryland, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Geological Survey. Funding for data development was provided by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Chesapeake Bay Program. GeoVu was developed with funding support from NOAA's Climate and Global Change Program and from NOAA's Earth System Data and Information Management (ESDIM) Program. The Coastal Change Analysis Project (CCAP) CD-ROM of the Chesapeake Bay was prepared by the National Geophysical Data Center of NOAA, in cooperation with the National Oceanographic Data Center and the National Marine Fisheries Service of NOAA. Staff Credits Many workers in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration were involved in the preparation of the Coastal Change Analysis Project (CCAP) CD-ROM and the related access software: Project Authorization: Harry Iredale Project Management: Allen M. Hittelman CD-ROM Data Preparation: Stewart D. Racey Access Software: Ray E. Habermann, Deborah Sinay, Liping Di, and Allen M. Hittelman Documentation: Allen M. Hittelman, Harry Iredale, Mary Hollinger, Don Field, and Joy Ikelman References Dobson, J.E., and E.A. Bright, "CoastWatch_Detecting Change in Coastal Wetlands," GeoInfo Systems, January/February 1991, pp. 36-40. Dobson, J.E., and E.A. Bright, "Large-Area Change Analysis: The Coastwatch Change Analysis Project (C-CAP)," Unpublished Manuscript prepared for Proceedings of the Pecora 12 Conference, August 1993. Dobson, J.E., R.L. Ferguson, D.W. Field, L.L. Wood, K.D. Haddad, H. Iredale III, J. Jensen, V.V. Klemas, R.J. Orth, and J.P. Thomas, "NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Project Guidance for Regional Implementation," Version 1.0, 1994. In preparation as a NOAA technical report. Hittelman, A.M. and H. Iredale, "A New View For CoastWatch Change Analysis Data", presented at the Second Thematic Mapper Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 31-February 2, 1994. Hittelman, A.M., R.E. Habermann, L. Di, and D. Sinay, "GeoVu: A Platform Independent, Data Browse and Selection Application," Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, Breckenridge, CO, September 1993. Klemas, V.V., J.E. Dobson, R.L. Ferguson, K.D. Haddad, "A Coastal Land Cover Classification System for the NOAA Coastwatch Change Analysis Project," Journal of Coastal Research, 9(3), pp. 862-872, 1993. Thomas, J.P., and R.L. Ferguson, "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Mapping Under the Coastal Ocean Program," pp. 27-37, in Federal Coastal Wetland Mapping Programs, Biological Report 90 (18), Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, December 1990. Thomas, J.P., R.L.Ferguson, J.E. Dobson, F.A. Cross, "NOAA's Coastwatch Change Analysis Program," Coastal Wetlands Coastal Zone '91 Conference, American Society of Civil Engineers, Long Beach, CA, July 1991. Tables Table 1. Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Classes (1984, and 1988-1989) Class Class Description 1 Developed-High Intensity 2 Developed-Low Intensity 3 Cropland 4 Grassland 5 Deciduous Forest 6 Evergreen Forest 7 Mixed Forest 8 Mixed Shrub/Scrub 9 Palustrine Forest 10 Estuarine Emergent Wetland 11 Palustrine Emergent Wetland 12 Tidal Flats 13 Exposed Land (Bare Soil + Sand) 14 Water Table II. Chesapeake Bay Change Classes (1984 to 1988-1989) Class Class Description 1 Developed-No Change 2 Cropland/Grassland to Developed 3 Forest to Developed 4 Scrub/Shrub to Developed 5 Palustrine Forest to Developed 6 Estuarine Emergent to Developed 7 Palustrine Emergent to Developed 8 Water to Developed 9 Exposed Land to Developed 10 Developed to Cropland/Grassland 11 Cropland/Grassland-No Change 12 Forest to Cropland/Grassland 13 Scrub/Shrub to Cropland/Grassland 14 Palustrine Forest to Cropland/Grassland 15 Estuarine Emergent to Cropland/Grassland 16 Palustrine Emergent to Cropland/Grassland 17 Water to Cropland/Grassland 18 Exposed Land to Cropland/Grassland 19 Developed to Forest 20 Cropland/Grassland to Forest 21 Forest-No Change 22 Scrub/Shrub to Forest 23 Palustrine Forest to Forest 24 Estuarine Emergent to Forest 25 Palustrine Emergent to Forest 26 Water to Forest 27 Exposed Land to Forest 28 Developed to Scrub/Shrub 29 Cropland/Grassland to Scrub/Shrub 30 Forest to Scrub/Shrub 31 Scrub/Shrub-No Change 32 Palustrine Forest to Scrub/Shrub 33 Estuarine Emergent to Scrub/Shrub 34 Palustrine Emergent to Scrub/Shrub 35 Water to Scrub/Shrub 36 Exposed Land to Scrub/Shrub 37 Developed to Palustrine Forest 38 Cropland/Grassland to Palustrine Forest 39 Forest to Palustrine Forest 40 Scrub/Shrub to Palustrine Forest 41 Palustrine Forest-No Change 42 Estuarine Emergent to Palustrine Forest 43 Palustrine Emergent to Palustrine Forest 44 Water to Palustrine Forest 45 Exposed Land to Palustrine Forest 46 Developed to Estuarine Emergent 47 Cropland/Grassland to Estuarine Emergent 48 Forest to Estuarine Emergent 49 Scrub/Shrub to Estuarine Emergent 50 Palustrine Forest to Estuarine Emergent 51 Estuarine Emergent-No Change 52 Palustrine Emergent to Estuarine Emergent 53 Water to Estuarine Emergent 54 Exposed Land to Estuarine Emergent 55 Developed to Palustrine Emergent 56 Cropland/Grassland to Palustrine Emergent 57 Forest to Palustrine Emergent 58 Scrub/Shrub to Palustrine Emergent 59 Palustrine Forest to Palustrine Emergent 60 Estuarine Emergent to Palustrine Emergent 61 Palustrine Emergent-No Change 62 Water to Palustrine Emergent 63 Exposed Land to Palustrine Emergent 64 Developed to Water 65 Cropland/Grassland to Water 66 Forest to Water 67 Scrub/Shrub to Water 68 Palustrine Forest to Water 69 Estuarine Emergent to Water 70 Palustrine Emergent to Water 71 Water-No Change 72 Exposed Land to Water 73 Developed to Exposed Land 74 Cropland/Grassland to Exposed Land 75 Forest to Exposed Land 76 Scrub/Shrub to Exposed Land 77 Palustrine Forest to Exposed Land 78 Estuarine Emergent to Exposed Land 79 Palustrine Emergent to Exposed Land 80 Water to Exposed Land 81 Exposed Land-No Change