*VOLUME_ID CCAP_94 *SLIDE SHOW TRUE *default_eqv begin constant palette char CCAP histogram_dir char lists\ end constant *CD_MENU_NAME CCAP - Chesapeake Bay *MAIN MENU NULL Chesapeake bay land cover classification #*land_cover *land_cover MAIN MENU Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Classification 1988/1989 #\ccap88_9\ccap88_9.bin Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Classification 1984 #\ccap_84\ccap_84.bin Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Change 1984 to 1988/89 #\ccap_dif\ccap_dif.bin *#ccap_dif_eqv begin constant palette char CCAP_DIF number_of_display_colors short 82 end constant *INTRODUCTION COASTAL CHANGE ANALYSIS PROGRAM (CCAP) LAND COVER AND LAND COVER CHANGE DATA CHESAPEAKE BAY 1984 AND 1988/89 Don Field Mary Hollinger National Marine Fisheries Service/NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center Beaufort Laboratory 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW 101 Pivers Road Washington, DC 20235 Beaufort, NC 28516-9722 (919) 728-8764 (202) 606-4549 Harry Iredale Allen M. Hittelman National Oceanographic Data Center National Geophysical Data Center 1825 Conneticut Avenue, NW 325 Broadway Washington, DC 20235 Boulder, CO 80303 (202) 606-4618 (303) 497-6591 *land_cover_help COASTAL CHANGE ANALYSIS PROGRAM (CCAP) DOCUMENTATION OF LAND COVER AND LAND COVER CHANGE DATA CHESAPEAKE BAY 1984 AND 1988/89 September 15, 1992 Introduction These databases result from a multi-year effort that has focused on the Chesapeake Bay as a prototype for the Coastal Change Analysis Program (CCAP). The goal of CCAP is to develop a comprehensive, nationally standardized information system for monitoring land cover and habitat change in the coastal regions of the United States. Its purpose is to improve understanding of coastal uplands, wetlands, and sea grass beds and their linkages with the distribution, abundance, and health of living marine resources. The coastal region of the U.S. will be monitored every one to five years depending on the rate and magnitude of change in each region. The effort emphasizes a geographic approach including the use of geographic information systems (GIS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), other satellite sensors, and aerial photographs. Sponsored by the Coastal Ocean Program (COP), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), CCAP has served as a catalyst for cooperative development among many separate government agencies involved in wetlands management and land cover analysis. These include the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the National Mapping Division of the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). The Program has conducted nine workshops, involving more than 250 specialists, and is currently funding five protocol development projects. Designed to address some of the most vexing problems in large-area land cover change analysis, CCAP may serve as a model for similar efforts in global environmental monitoring. The Chesapeake Bay databases were developed with additional funding from the Chesapeake Bay Program and collaboration with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Salisbury State University, the Chesapeake Research Consortium, the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, the University of Maryland, and the Federal agencies listed above. The Chesapeake Bay Project constitutes one of the largest change detection efforts ever attempted, covering an area of approximately 30,000 square miles with a source data resolution of 30 meters by 30 meters. Its greatest value is in its synoptic coverage and consistent classification over such a sizable area. Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Classification 1988/1989 Number of Columns 8958 Number of Rows 12150 Coordinate System UTM Zone 18 Upper Left Coordinate 231300 east 4412400 north Pixel Size 30 meters x 30 meters Pixel Area .2224021 Acres Maximum Data Value 14 The data are in binary unblocked format. The origin is the upper left corner of the data. Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes processed: Path Row Date 14 33 11-03-1988 14 34 11-03-1988 15 33 10-12-1989 15 34 10-12-1989 Class Pixels Acres Class Description 1 2231657 496325 Developed-High Intensity 2 3531828 785486 Developed-Low Intensity 3 12189712 2711017 Cropland 4 13720137 3051387 Grassland 5 18563674 4128600 Deciduous Forest 6 3776065 839805 Evergreen Forest 7 5084643 1130835 Mixed Forest 8 2664698 592634 Mixed Shrub/Scrub 9 3750208 834054 Palustrine Forest 10 2629323 584767 Estuarine Emergent Wetland 11 90486 20124 Palustrine Emergent Wetland 12 78597 17480 Tidal Flats 13 86693 19280 Exposed Land (Bare Soil+Sand) 14 28324288 6299381 Water Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Classification 1984 Number of Columns 8958 Number of Rows 12150 Coordinate System UTM Zone 18 Upper Left Coordinate 231300 east 4412400 north Pixel Size 30 meters x 30 meters Pixel Area .2224021 Acres Maximum Data Value 14 The data are in binary unblocked format. The origin is the upper left corner of the data. Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes processed: Path Row Date 14 33 09-21-1984 14 34 09-21-1984 15 33 08-27-1984 15 34 08-27-1984 Class Pixels Acres Class Description 1 1983083 442154 Developed-High Intensity 2 3269108 727056 Developed-Low Intensity 3 14496359 3224020 Cropland 4 10876062 2418859 Grassland 5 18734294 4166546 Deciduous Forest 6 4008981 891606 Evergreen Forest 7 5487827 1220504 Mixed Forest 8 2581212 574067 Mixed Shrub Scrub 9 3717327 826741 Palustrine Forest 10 2560190 569391 Estuarine Emergent Wetland 11 100448 22340 Palustrine Emergent Wetland 12 61813 13747 Tidal Flats 13 89406 19884 Exposed Land (Bare Soil+Sand) 14 28061281 6240888 Water Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Change 1984 to 1988/89 Number of Columns 8958 Number of Rows 12150 Coordinate System UTM Zone 18 Upper Left Coordinate 231300 east 4412400 north Pixel Size 30 meters x 30 meters Pixel Area .2224021 Acres Maximum Data Value 81 The data are in binary unblocked format. The origin is the upper left corner of the data. Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes processed: Path Row Date 14 33 09-21-1984 11-03-1988 14 34 09-21-1984 11-03-1988 15 33 08-27-1984 10-12-1989 15 34 08-27-1984 10-12-1989 Class Pixels Acres DESCRIPTION 1 5178062 1151611 Developed-No Change 2 159704 35518 Cropland/Grassland to Developed 3 97603 21707 Forest to Developed 4 3296 733 Scrub/Shrub to Developed 5 2109 469 Palustrine Forest to Developed 6 1809 402 Estuarine Emergent to Developed 7 33 7 Palustrine Emergent to Developed 8 7800 1734 Water to Developed 9 798 177 Exposed Land to Developed 10 156 34 Developed to Cropland/Grassland 11 24991171 5558089 Cropland/Grassland-No Change 12 898119 199743 Forest to Cropland/Grassland 13 94518 21021 Scrub/Shrub to Cropland/Grassland 14 37960 8442 Palustrine Forest to Cropland/Grassland 15 6766 1504 Estuarine Emergent to Cropland/Grassland 16 1438 319 Palustrine Emergent to Cropland/Grassland 17 5803 1290 Water to Cropland/Grassland 18 3864 859 Exposed Land to Cropland/Grassland 19 43 9 Developed to Forest 20 104279 23191 Cropland/Grassland to Forest 21 28063836 6241456 Forest-No Change 22 135793 30200 Scrub/Shrub to Forest 23 10280 2286 Palustrine Forest to Forest 24 538 119 Estuarine Emergent to Forest 25 90 20 Palustrine Emergent to Forest 26 796 177 Water to Forest 27 25 5 Exposed Land to Forest 28 6 1 Developed to Scrub/Shrub 29 110980 24682 Cropland/Grassland to Scrub/Shrub 30 145968 32463 Forest to Scrub/Shrub 31 1961483 436237 Scrub/Shrub-No Change 32 8777 1952 Palustrine Forest to Scrub/Shrub 33 368 81 Estuarine Emergent to Scrub/Shrub 34 16 3 Palustrine Emergent to Scrub/Shrub 35 352 78 Water to Scrub/Shrub 36 9 2 Exposed Land to Scrub/Shrub 37 2 0 Developed to Palustrine Forest 38 5743 1277 Cropland/Grassland to Palustrine Forest 39 16212 3605 Forest to Palustrine Forest 40 12353 2747 Scrub/Shrub to Palustrine Forest 41 3192030 709914 Palustrine Forest-No Change 42 523 116 Estuarine Emergent to Palustrine Forest 43 58 12 Palustrine Emergent to Palustrine Forest 44 673 149 Water to Palustrine Forest 45 0 0 Exposed Land to Palustrine Forest 46 52 11 Developed to Estuarine Emergent 47 9245 2056 Cropland/Grassland to Estuarine Emergent 48 3977 884 Forest to Estuarine Emergent 49 373 82 Scrub/Shrub to Estuarine Emergent 50 4055 901 Palustrine Forest to Estuarine Emergent 51 2471967 549770 Estuarine Emergent-No Change 52 7780 1730 Palustrine Emergent to Estuarine Emergent 53 5602 1245 Water to Estuarine Emergent 54 1572 349 Exposed Land to Estuarine Emergent 55 53 11 Developed to Palustrine Emergent 56 566 125 Cropland/Grassland to Palustrine Emergent 57 10 2 Forest to Palustrine Emergent 58 139 30 Scrub/Shrub to Palustrine Emergent 59 167 37 Palustrine Forest to Palustrine Emergent 60 706 157 Estuarine Emergent to Palustrine Emergent 61 83501 18570 Palustrine Emergent-No Change 62 894 198 Water to Palustrine Emergent 63 19 4 Exposed Land to Palustrine Emergent 64 249 55 Developed to Water 65 9356 2080 Cropland/Grassland to Water 66 3897 866 Forest to Water 67 1119 248 Scrub/Shrub to Water 68 2030 451 Palustrine Forest to Water 69 1416 314 Estuarine Emergent to Water 70 2322 516 Palustrine Emergent to Water 71 28068163 6242418 Water-No Change 72 11181 2486 Exposed Land to Water 73 21 4 Developed to Exposed Land 74 3732 830 Cropland/Grassland to Exposed Land 75 799 177 Forest to Exposed Land 76 243 54 Scrub/Shrub to Exposed Land 77 101 22 Palustrine Forest to Exposed Land 78 747 166 Estuarine Emergent to Exposed Land 79 2 0 Palustrine Emergent to Exposed Land 80 7378 1640 Water to Exposed Land 81 66715 14837 Exposed Land-No Change Data Quality CCAP standards of data quality are based on the following authoritative references: 1. Federal Geographic Data Committee. 1992. Spatial Data Transfer Standard, Draft in public review for formulation of a Federal Information Processing Standard. Established by Office of Management and Budget. 1990. "Coordination of Surveying, Mapping, and Related Spatial Data," Circular A-16, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C. 2. Chrisman, Nicholas R. 1991. "The Error Component in Spatial Data," in Maguire, David J.; Goodchild, Michael F.; and Rhind, David W. Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 3. Goodchild, Michael F., and Kemp, Karen K., eds. 1990. Technical Issues in GIS: NCGIA Core Curriculum (3 vols.). Santa Barbara, CA: National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. 4. Congalton, Russell G. 1991. "A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data" in Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 37, pp. 35-46. Accuracy assessment is part of a larger data quality responsibility shared by both the producers and the users of geographic data. In summary, the referenced documents recommend that data producers should document: LINEAGE--A record of the data sources and of the operations involved in the creation of a database. POSITIONAL ACCURACY AND PRECISION--The closeness of locational information (usually coordinates) to the true position. ATTRIBUTE ACCURACY AND PRECISION--The closeness of attribute values to their true values. LOGICAL CONSISTENCY--The adherence of internal data structures to established conventions or stated rules. COMPLETENESS--The degree to which the data exhaust the universe of possible items. In addition, CCAP includes: TEMPORAL ACCURACY AND PRECISION--The time over which source materials are taken and data observations are made. The quality of a given database may be adequate for one purpose and inadequate for another. Hence, it is the responsibility of data users to determine: FITNESS FOR USE--The degree to which the data quality characteristics of each database and its components collectively suit an intended application. CCAP protocol distinguishes between: ACCURACY--The closeness of results, computations, or estimates to true values (or values accepted to be true). PRECISION--The number of decimal places or significant digits in a measurement. The CCAP databases are carefully designed to characterize land cover in distinct contrast to land use and landscape: LAND USE--Economic and cultural activities permitted and/or practiced at a place. LAND COVER--Physical landscape features at the visible surface of the earth. LANDSCAPE--The zone of interaction and convergence of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the solid earth. Its vertical bounds are determined by the frequency and extent of interactions pertinent to a given field of inquiry. Horizontally, landscape may be divided into areal units defined on the basis of land use or land cover features pertinent to a field of inquiry. Lineage Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes processed: Path Row Date 14 33 09-21-1984 11-03-1988 14 34 09-21-1984 11-03-1988 15 33 08-27-1984 10-12-1989 15 34 08-27-1984 10-12-1989 Positional Accuracy and Precision The positional accuracy and precision of this database is based on the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) database. Nominally the source data are 30 meter by 30 meter cells with a positional accuracy of .5 cell (15 meters) in each direction. In addition, any given feature may or may not affect the signature of an adjacent boundary cell when its areal extent covers less than half of the boundary cell. This factor introduces additional uncertainty that can increase the minimum detection unit and reduce spatial precision. A conservative estimate of the spatial precision of this database is 1.5 cells (45 meters) in each direction. This, in turn, yields a minimum detection unit of 3 cells by 3 cells (90 meters by 90 meters) or about 2.5 acres. Attribute Accuracy and Precision In general, the formal procedures for accuracy assessment recommended in remote sensing literature are effective for positional accuracy and precision of identifiable, stable features and categorical accuracy at the interior of class polygons. But they neglect the fuzzy nature of land cover categorically (eg. the class boundary between grass and marsh) and spatially (eg. the polygon boundary between water and marsh). There is an overriding assumption that a ground "truth" exists and that investigators can see it if they get close enough to the ground. Yet, different investigators "see" different land covers, especially troublesome when the area is large enough to require multiple teams. Current procedures also introduce delay due to field verification activities after the classification is complete. Current procedures are not effective for classifications of past land cover and for change detection from one time to another. The large number of "from" and "to" categories can make accuracy assessment more expensive than the original classification and change detection effort. Furthermore, if the distribution of error is thoroughly depicted by class and position, the accuracy database may be as large as the thematic database itself. Given these limitations, it is infeasible to provide a quantitative estimate of accuracy with this very large spatial database. However, we note that the CCAP verification effort to date is one of the most extensive yet attempted for a large land cover classification database. Two accuracy assessment workshops have been conducted. In addition, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources sponsored a workshop involving seven teams of field investigators focusing on the Salisbury Quadrangle. The database was thoroughly revised on the basis of this and other verification input. In a final test, the Chesapeake Research Consortium (CRC) developed field maps for 70 test sites of .5 km diameter each. This was a blind test in that the field investigators did not see the CCAP land cover maps until their mapping was complete. The results indicated a high degree of accuracy and precision for CCAP and CRC maps. The satellite derived maps tended to be more spatially precise and to detect certain features--such as subtle changes in vegetation, clearings surrounded by trees, or patches of marsh between trees and water--better than aerial photograph/field derived maps. Aerial photograph/field derived maps tended to detect small features, especially small patches of forested wetlands, more completely than did the satellite derived maps. This test indicated that overall confidence in the satellite derived maps is warranted as high as for aerial photograph/field maps provided the spatial resolution is 2.5 acres or greater. A spatial filter was applied to the final Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Classification and Change Detection data files. A 3 pixel by 3 pixel majority class filter was used to remove the "salt and pepper" pixels common in image classification. Logical Consistency Tests for logical consistency indicate that all row and column positions in the selected latitude/longitude window contain data. Conversion and integration with vector files indicates that all positions are consistent with earth coordinates covering the same area. Attribute files appear to be logically consistent. Examining the change matrix for logical fallacies, we find, for example, that a very small number of pixels changed from urban to any other category or from water to any category other than bare ground or marsh. Spatially we find the majority of new bare ground to be in the expansion zone around large cities, near interstate highways, or adjacent to existing beaches. Completeness The classification scheme comprehensively includes all anticipated land covers, and all pixels have been classified. The CCAP Implementation Manual discusses the interagency effort to develop the land cover classification scheme and defines all categories. Temporal Accuracy and Precision Time one: Date 8/27/84 9/21/84 Time two: Date 11/03/88 10/12/89 Fitness for Use It is a tribute to the power of modern information technologies that, what we used to call generalization, we now call error. For centuries we have used maps without expecting to find an estimate of error in the margin, but the shift from analog to digital representation of geographic phenomena has brought a fundamental change. Consider the difference between traditional topographic maps and modern classified images. For decades we have been satisfied with maps that show land cover in three principal categories--trees, open land, water--with a few other special categories--sand, ice, marsh, developed land. The dichotomy of forest/no forest was accepted without great complaint though we knew intuitively that zones of mixed forest and grassland existed. In the preparation of every map, some individual had to make a personal judgement as to where the forest ends and the dominant cover becomes something else. This we called generalization, not error. With today's satellites we measure spectral characteristics in pixels as fine as 10 by 10 meters. With image processing systems we infer the complex relationships from light reflectance to physical properties (mineral/water/biomass) to land cover (beach/marsh/forest/grass) to land use (agricultural/residential/commercial/industrial). We classify land cover in numerous categories often well beyond what is directly interpretable from the image. Spatial generalization occurs only at subpixel level and in filtering "salt and pepper" (single) pixels. Yet, if a single pixel shows as forest when it really is mostly grass, we call that error, not generalization. The producers of this database have engaged in many discussions with potential users and have devoted a great deal of effort to field verification and other types of verification. We are confident that the resulting product is of sufficient quality to support most activities in the policy and management arenas and some activities in the regulatory and enforcement arenas. The spatial precision and attribute accuracy are not sufficient for enforcement of individual small permits, but they may be useful in evaluating cumulative impacts in the vicinity of a permit site or for evaluating large individual sites (tens of acres in size or larger). Ultimately, however, only the user can make the decision regarding fitness for use. This documentation above and the land classification products were prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Tennessee. A detailed description of the CCAP protocol can be found in NOAA COASTAL CHANGE ANALYSIS PROJECT GUIDANCE FOR REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATION, J. E. Dobson, et al. This document will be available from Don Field National Marine Fisheries Service/NOAA Beaufort Laboratory 101 Pivers Road Beaufort, NC 28516-9722 (919) 728-8764 or Mary Hollinger National Oceanographic Data Center 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20235 (202) 606-4549 *ccap88_9_help Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Classification 1988/1989 Number of Columns 8958 Number of Rows 12150 Coordinate System UTM Zone 18 Upper Left Coordinate 231300 east 4412400 north Pixel Size 30 meters x 30 meters Pixel Area .2224021 Acres Maximum Data Value 14 The data is in binary unblocked format. The origin is the upper left corner of the data. Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes processed: Path Row Date 14 33 11-03-1988 14 34 11-03-1988 15 33 10-12-1989 15 34 10-12-1989 Class Pixels Acres Class Description 1 2231657 496325 Developed-High Intensity 2 3531828 785486 Developed-Low Intensity 3 12189712 2711017 Cropland 4 13720137 3051387 Grassland 5 18563674 4128600 Deciduous Forest 6 3776065 839805 Evergreen Forest 7 5084634 1130835 Mixed Forest 8 2664698 592634 Mixed Shrub/Scrub 9 3750208 834054 Palustrine Forest 10 2629323 584767 Estuarine Emergent Wetland 11 90486 20124 Palustrine Emergent Wetland 12 78597 17480 Tidal Flats 13 86693 19280 Exposed Land (Bare Soil+Sand) 14 28324288 6299381 Water *ccap_84_help Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Classification 1984 Number of Columns 8958 Number of Rows 12150 Coordinate System UTM Zone 18 Upper Left Coordinate 231300 east 4412400 north Pixel Size 30 meters x 30 meters Pixel Area .2224021 Acres Maximum Data Value 14 The data is in binary unblocked format. The origin is the upper left corner of the data. Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes processed: Path Row Date 14 33 09-21-1984 14 34 09-21-1984 15 33 08-27-1984 15 34 08-27-1984 Class Pixels Acres Class Description 1 1988083 442154 Developed-High Intensity 2 3269108 727056 Developed-Low Intensity 3 14496359 3224020 Cropland 4 10876062 2418859 Grassland 5 18734294 4166546 Deciduous Forest 6 4008981 891606 Evergreen Forest 7 5487827 1220504 Mixed Forest 8 2581212 574067 Mixed Shrub/Scrub 9 3717327 826741 Palustrine Forest 10 2560190 569391 Estuarine Emergent Wetland 11 100448 22340 Palustrine Emergent Wetland 12 61813 13747 Tidal Flats 13 89406 19884 Exposed Land (Bare Soil+Sand) 14 28061281 6240888 Water *ccap_dif_help Chesapeake Bay Land Cover Change 1984 to 1988/89 Number of Columns 8958 Number of Rows 12150 Coordinate System UTM Zone 18 Upper Left Coordinate 231300 east 4412400 north Pixel Size 30 meters x 30 meters Pixel Area .2224021 Acres Maximum Data Value 81 The data is in binary unblocked format. The origin is the upper left corner of the data. Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes processed: Path Row Date 14 33 09-21-1984 11-03-1988 14 34 09-21-1984 11-03-1988 15 33 08-27-1984 10-12-1989 15 34 08-27-1984 10-12-1989 Class Pixels Acres DESCRIPTION 1 5178062 1151611 Developed-No Change 2 159704 35518 Cropland/Grassland to Developed 3 97603 21707 Forest to Developed 4 3296 733 Scrub/Shrub to Developed 5 2109 469 Palustrine Forest to Developed 6 1809 402 Estuarine Emergent to Developed 7 33 7 Palustrine Emergent to Developed 8 7800 1734 Water/Tidal Flat to Developed 9 798 177 Exposed Land to Developed 10 156 34 Developed to Cropland/Grassland 11 24991171 5558089 Cropland/Grassland-No Change 12 898119 199743 Forest to Cropland/Grassland 13 94518 21021 Scrub/Shrub to Cropland/Grassland 14 37960 8442 Palustrine Forest to Cropland/Grassland 15 6766 1504 Estuarine Emergent to Cropland/Grassland 16 1438 319 Palustrine Emergent to Cropland/Grassland 17 5803 1290 Water/Tidal Flat to Cropland/Grassland 18 3864 859 Exposed Land to Cropland/Grassland 19 43 9 Developed to Forest 20 104279 23191 Cropland/Grassland to Forest 21 28063836 6241456 Forest-No Change 22 135793 30200 Scrub/Shrub to Forest 23 10280 2286 Palustrine Forest to Forest 24 538 119 Estuarine Emergent to Forest 25 90 20 Palustrine Emergent to Forest 26 796 177 Water/Tidal Flat to Forest 27 25 5 Exposed Land to Forest 28 6 1 Developed to Scrub/Shrub 29 110980 24682 Cropland/Grassland to Scrub/Shrub 30 145968 32463 Forest to Scrub/Shrub 31 1961483 436237 Scrub/Shrub-No Change 32 8777 1952 Palustrine Forest to Scrub/Shrub 33 368 81 Estuarine Emergent to Scrub/Shrub 34 16 3 Palustrine Emergent to Scrub/Shrub 35 352 78 Water/Tidal Flat to Scrub/Shrub 36 9 2 Exposed Land to Scrub/Shrub 37 2 0 Developed to Palustrine Forest 38 5743 1277 Cropland/Grassland to Palustrine Forest 39 16212 3605 Forest to Palustrine Forest 40 12353 2747 Scrub/Shrub to Palustrine Forest 41 3192030 709914 Palustrine Forest-No Change 42 523 116 Estuarine Emergent to Palustrine Forest 43 58 12 Palustrine Emergent to Palustrine Forest 44 673 149 Water/Tidal Flat to Palustrine Forest 45 0 0 Exposed Land to Palustrine Forest 46 52 11 Developed to Estuarine Emergent 47 9245 2056 Cropland/Grassland to Estuarine Emergent 48 3977 884 Forest to Estuarine Emergent 49 373 82 Scrub/Shrub to Estuarine Emergent 50 4055 901 Palustrine Forest to Estuarine Emergent 51 2471967 549770 Estuarine Emergent-No Change 52 7780 1730 Palustrine Emergent to Estuarine Emergent 53 5602 1245 Water/Tidal Flat to Estuarine Emergent 54 1572 349 Exposed Land to Estuarine Emergent 55 53 11 Developed to Palustrine Emergent 56 566 125 Cropland/Grassland to Palustrine Emergent 57 10 2 Forest to Palustrine Emergent 58 139 30 Scrub/Shrub to Palustrine Emergent 59 167 37 Palustrine Forest to Palustrine Emergent 60 706 157 Estuarine Emergent to Palustrine Emergent 61 83501 18570 Palustrine Emergent-No Change 62 894 198 Water/Tidal Flat to Palustrine Emergent 63 19 4 Exposed Land to Palustrine Emergent 64 249 55 Developed to Water/Tidal Flat 65 9356 2080 Cropland/Grassland to Water/Tidal Flat 66 3897 866 Forest to Water/Tidal Flat 67 1119 248 Scrub/Shrub to Water/Tidal Flat 68 2030 451 Palustrine Forest to Water/Tidal Flat 69 1416 314 Estuarine Emergent to Water/Tidal Flat 70 2322 516 Palustrine Emergent to Water/Tidal Flat 71 28068163 6242418 Water/Tidal Flat-No Change 72 11181 2486 Exposed Land to Water/Tidal Flat 73 21 4 Developed to Exposed Land 74 3732 830 Cropland/Grassland to Exposed Land 75 799 177 Forest to Exposed Land 76 243 54 Scrub/Shrub to Exposed Land 77 101 22 Palustrine Forest to Exposed Land 78 747 166 Estuarine Emergent to Exposed Land 79 2 0 Palustrine Emergent to Exposed Land 80 7378 1640 Water/Tidal Flat to Exposed Land 81 66715 14837 Exposed Land-No Change