Metadata Identifier: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.dem:693

Aggregation Info | Bands | Citations | Constraints | Coverage Descriptions | Dimensions | Extents | Formats | Geographic Bounding Box
Georectified Information | Georeferenceable Information | Identifiers | Instruments | Mediums | OnlineResources | Operations
Platforms | Process Steps | Range Elements | Reference Systems | Responsible Parties | Series | Sources | Spatial Grids | Temporal Extents

MD_DataIdentification

Count Component Title Abstract
1 Crescent City, California 1/3 arc-second MHW Coastal Digital Elevation Model NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) is building high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) for select U.S. coastal regions. These integrated bathymetric-topographic DEMs are used to support tsunami forecasting and warning efforts at the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). The DEMs are part of the tsunami forecast system SIFT (Short-term Inundation Forecasting for Tsunamis) currently being developed by PMEL for the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers, and are used in the MOST (Method of Splitting Tsunami) model developed by PMEL to simulate tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation. Bathymetric, topographic, and shoreline data used in DEM compilation are obtained from various sources, including NGDC, the U.S. National Ocean Service (NOS), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and other federal, state, and local government agencies, academic institutions, and private companies. DEMs are referenced to a variety of vertical datums and horizontal datum of World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). Cell size for the DEMs ranges from 1/3 arc-second (~10 meters) to 3 arc-seconds (~90 meters).
Top

SV_Identification

Count Component Title Type
1 DEM Global Mosaic ArcGIS Image Service Digital Elevation Model Global Mosaic ArcGIS Image Service ArcGIS Image Service
1 DEM MHW Mosaic ArcGIS Image Service Digital Elevation Model MHW Mosaic ArcGIS Image Service ArcGIS Image Service
1 Footprints ArcGIS Map Service NCEI Digital Elevation Model Extents ArcGIS Feature Layer ArcGIS Feature Service
Top

CI_Citation

Count Component Title Date Citation Identifier
1 CSUMB Multibeam Swath Sonar Surveys
    2008-01-01
1 California Department of Fish and Game digitized shoreline
    1996-01-01
1 Crescent City, California 1/3 arc-second MHW Coastal Digital Elevation Model
    2010-07-14
NCEI Metadata ID: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.dem:693
1 Crescent_City_CA_1_3s_MHW_DEM
    2016-06-21
1 Data Stewardship Maturity Report for Crescent City, California 1/3 arc-second MHW Coastal Digital Elevation Model
    2022
1 Digital Elevation Model Global Mosaic ArcGIS Image Service
    2016-06-14
1 Digital Elevation Model MHW Mosaic ArcGIS Image Service
    2016-06-14
1 Digital Elevation Models of Crescent City, California: Procedures, Data Sources, and Analysis
    2010-06-03
1 GCMD Data Center Keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords
    2020-01-09
1 GCMD Horizontal Resolution Keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Horizontal Data Resolution Keywords
    2020-01-09
1 GCMD Location Keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords
    2020-01-09
1 GCMD Platform Keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords
    2020-01-09
1 GCMD Project Keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords
    2020-01-09
1 GCMD Science Keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords
    2020-01-09
3 NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth Science Services Keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Service Keywords
    2020-01-09
1 GCMD Vertical Resolution Keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Vertical Data Resolution Keywords
    2020-01-09
1 Mean High Water height
    2012-08-05
1 NCEI Digital Elevation Model Extents ArcGIS Feature Layer
    2022-10-24
1 NGDC Multibeam Bathymetry Database
    2009-01-01
2 NOAA Coastal Services Center Coastal Topographic Lidar
    2002-01-01
1 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
    1 NOAA Tsunami Inundation Gridding Project
      2008-10-31
    1 NOS Hydrographic Surveys
      2008-01-01
    1 The Scientific Data Stewardship Maturity Assessment Model Template
      2015-06-23
    doi:10.10.6084/m9.figshare.1211954
    1 USACE Bathymetric Surveys
      2009-01-01
    1 USACE Hydrographic Surveys
      2010-01-01
    1 USGS NED topography
      2008-01-01
    1 USGS Vector Shoreline
      2002-01-01
    2 Uncontrolled
      1 VDatum software v. 2.2.7
        2009-01-01
      1 World Geodetic System 1984
        2007-08-27
      Top

      CI_Series

      Count Component Name Issue Identification Page
      1 NOAA Tsunami Inundation DEMs Crescent City, California MHW
      1 NOAA Tsunami Inundation DEMs Named by primary coastal city, state in DEM.
      Top

      CI_ResponsibleParty

      Count Component Individual Organization Position Email Role Linkage
      2 resourceProvider https://epsg.org/crs_4326/WGS-84.html
      17 https://doi.org/10.25923/jm5h-ge52
      1 Barry W. Eakins originator
      1 Barry Eakins Barry W. Eakins NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Research Scientist Barry.Eakins@noaa.gov pointOfContact
      1 California Department of Fish and Game originator
      1 California State University at Monterey Bay, Seafloor Mapping Lab originator
      11 DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, Department of Commerce publisher https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/coastal-elevation-models
      1 DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce publisher
      1 DOC/NOAA/NOS National Ocean Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce originator
      2 DOC/NOAA/NOS/CSC > Coastal Services Center, National Ocean Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce originator
      1 DOC/NOAA/OAR/PMEL/NCTR > NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, OAR, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce originator
      2 DOI/USGS > U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior originator
      1 Dorothy Z. Friday originator
      1 Elliot Lim originator
      2 EPSG Registry European Petroleum Survey Group publisher https://epsg.org/home.html
      1 Varner, Jesse Jesse Varner NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Jesse.Varner@noaa.gov pointOfContact
      1 Kelly S. Carignan originator
      1 Lisa A. Taylor originator
      10 GCMD Landing Page NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Science Data and Information System custodian https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords
      2 NCEI GIS Team NCEI GIS Team NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.gis@noaa.gov pointOfContact
      1 NOAA Institutional Repository publisher
      3 NCEI (pointOfContact) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov pointOfContact https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
      1 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher
      1 NCEI (distributor) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.info@noaa.gov distributor https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
      1 NOAA National Geophysical Data Center author
      2 NOAA National Geophysical Data Center publisher
      3 NOAA National Geophysical Data Center originator
      1 Pamela R. Grothe originator
      1 Peng, Ge CICS-NC/NCEI author
      1 R. Jason Caldwell originator
      1 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District originator
      1 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District originator
      Top

      CI_OnlineResource

      Count Component Linkage Name Description Function
      1
      1 http://ned.usgs.gov/ USGS National Elevation Dataset Digital database of U.S. topography, in raster form (DEM) download
      1 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1251/#gis USGS Vector Shoreline Vectorized shoreline of Northern Californiz derived from the 2002 ALACE lidar source data download
      1 http://seafloor.csumb.edu/SFMLwebDATA.htm California State University at Monterey Bay, Seafloor Mapping Lab Multibeam swath sonar surveys for Monterey Bay download
      1 http://vdatum.noaa.gov/welcome.html VDatum Vertical Datum Transformation tool download
      1 http://www.dfg.ca.gov/ California Department of Fish and Game digitized shoreline Digitized shoreline data from 1:24,000 USGS topographic quads download
      2 http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fdocucomp%2Fpage%3Fxml%3DNOAA%2FNESDIS%2FNGDC%2FCollection%2Fiso%2Fxml%2FUSCoastalLidarElevationData.xml%26amp%3Bview%3DgetDataView%26amp%3Bheader%3DnoneTCM%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHc0sLvXk7iHVPyZC57I2r7-g4zCATCM/ 2002 NASA/USGS Airborne Lidar Assessment of Coastal Erosion (ALACE) Lidar CSC coastal topographic Lidar download
      1 http://www.nwp.usace.army.mil USACE bathymetric surveys Digital database of recent, nearshore USACE bathymetric surveys in the Portland, Oregon district download
      1 http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/Missions/Surveys-Studies-Strategy/Hydro-Survey/ USACE San Francisco District Hydrographic Surveys Digital database of hydrographic surveys in San Francisco District download
      1 https://doi.org/10.25923/jm5h-ge52 DSMR Publication at the NOAA Institutional Repository Report documenting the Scientific Data Stewardship Maturity for this dataset. information
      1 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1211954 The Scientific Data Stewardship Maturity Assessment Model Template Landing page for quality evaluation procedure. information
      1 https://epsg.org/crs_4326/WGS-84.html WGS 84 GML of World Geodetic System 1984 coordinate reference system. information
      1 https://epsg.org/crs_5868/MHW-height.html MHW height GML for Mean High Water height available at the epsg-registry. information
      2 https://epsg.org/home.html European Petroleum Survey Group Geodetic Parameter Registry Registry that accesses the EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset, which is a structured dataset of Coordinate Reference Systems and Coordinate Transformations. search
      1 https://gis.ngdc.noaa.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DEM_MHW/ImageServer DEM Mosaic (MHW) ArcGIS Image Service REST endpoint for Digital Elevation Model MHW Mosaic ArcGIS Image Service search
      1 https://gis.ngdc.noaa.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DEM_mosaics/DEM_global_mosaic/ImageServer DEM Global Mosaic (Elevation Values) ArcGIS Image Service REST endpoint for DEM Global Mosaic (Elevation Values) ArcGIS Image Service search
      1 https://gis.ngdc.noaa.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DEM_mosaics/DEM_global_mosaic_hillshade/ImageServer DEM Global Mosaic (Color Shaded Relief) ArcGIS Image Service This service provides a color shaded relief visualization of the data. The elevations/depths are displayed using this color ramp: https://gis.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/images/dem_color_scale.png. search
      1 https://gis.ngdc.noaa.gov/arcgis/services/DEM_mosaics/DEM_global_mosaic_hillshade/ImageServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS DEM Global Mosaic (Color Shaded Relief) WMS Capabilities document for Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service for DEM Global Mosaic (Color Shaded Relief) search
      1 https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal/coastal.html Integrated Models of Coastal Relief at NCEI Please see website for more information about Coastal DEMs. information
      1 https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=0afa88a1701749dbbf76fcadca4f77f3 NOAA GeoPlatform Entry for NCEI Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Extents NOAA GeoPlatform listing for NCEI Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Extents information
      1 https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=3bc7611c1d904a5eaf90ecbec88fa799 NOAA GeoPlatform Entry for Digital Elevation Model MHW Mosaic NOAA GeoPlatform listing for Digital Elevation Model MHW Mosaic ArcGIS Image Service information
      2 https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=c876e3c96a8642ab8557646a3b4fa0ff NOAA GeoPlatform Entry for DEM Global Mosaic (Elevation Values) NOAA GeoPlatform listing for DEM Global Mosaic (Elevation Values) information
      2 https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=e11ebaeb19544bb18c2afe440f063062 NOAA GeoPlatform Entry for DEM Global Mosaic (Color Shaded Relief) Shaded relief visualization of a global seamless bathymetry/topography mosaic of digital elevation models at NOAA/NCEI. information
      2 https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=e9ba2e7afb7d46cd878b34aa3bfce042 Digital Elevation Models Mosaic (Individual DEMs) An image service providing access to bathymetric/topographic digital elevation models stewarded at NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information. Either individual DEMs or small subsets can be accessed through this service. search
      1 https://services2.arcgis.com/C8EMgrsFcRFL6LrL/arcgis/rest/services/ncei_dem_extents/FeatureServer NCEI Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Extents ArcGIS Feature Service REST endpoint for NCEI Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Extents ArcGIS Feature Service search
      10 https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords. information
      3 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. information
      2 DEM Map Search https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/bathymetry/ Bathymetric Data Viewer The Bathymetric Data Viewer is an interactive map providing discovery, descriptions, and download capability for bathymetric survey data and digital elevation models archived at NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). search
      1 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/metadata/geoportal/rest/metadata/item/gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.dem:693/html Metadata Landing Page information
      2 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/coastal-elevation-models Coastal Elevation Models at NCEI information
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/hydro.html NOS Hydrographic Survey Database Digital database of NOS hydrographic surveys that date back to the late 19th century. download
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/multibeam.html NGDC Multibeam Bathymetry Database Multibeam swath sonar survey data download
      2 DEM Text Search https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal DEM text search Text search for locating completed and planned DEMs. search
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/dat/dems/regional_tr/crescent_city_13_navd88_2010.pdf Digital Elevation Models of Crescent City, California: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis Report describing the development of the Crescent City DEMs download
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/dodsC/regional/crescent_city_13_mhw_2010.nc.html OPeNDAP Dataset Access Form OPeNDAP Dataset Access Form download
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/fileServer/regional/crescent_city_13_mhw_2010.nc Download NetCDF File Download NetCDF File download
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/ncml/regional/crescent_city_13_mhw_2010.nc?catalog=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fthredds%2Fcatalog%2Fregional%2Fcatalog.html&dataset=regionalDatasetScan%2Fcrescent_city_13_mhw_2010.nc NetCDF Markup Language file NetCDF Markup Language file information
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/ncss/regional/crescent_city_13_mhw_2010.nc/dataset.html Download a subset of the NetCDF Download a subset of the NetCDF download
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/wcs/regional/crescent_city_13_mhw_2010.nc?service=WCS&version=1.0.0&request=GetCapabilities Web Coverage Service GetCapabilities Web Coverage Service GetCapabilities information
      1 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/thredds/wms/regional/crescent_city_13_mhw_2010.nc?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities Web Map Service GetCapabilities Web Map Service GetCapabilities information
      Top

      MD_Identifier or RS_Identifier

      Count Component Code
      1 Digital Elevation Model
      1 MM-Stew
      1 NCEI Metadata ID: gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.dem:693
      1 Tsunami Inundation Gridding Project
      1 doi:10.10.6084/m9.figshare.1211954
      1 urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326
      1 urn:ogc:def:datum:EPSG::5868
      Top

      EX_Extent

      Bounding Box Temporal Extent
      Count Component Description West East North South Start End
      1 -125.25 -123.88 42.53 41.42 1925-01-01 2010-01-01
      3 -180 180 90 -90
      1 1925-01-01 2008-01-01
      1 1994-01-01 2009-01-01
      1 2008-01-01 2008-01-01
      1
      3
      1
      2
      1
      Top

      EX_GeographicBoundingBox

      Count Component West East North South
      1 -125.25 -123.88 42.53 41.42
      3 -180 180 90 -90
      Top

      EX_TemporalExtent

      Count Component Start End
      1 1925-01-01 2010-01-01
      1 1925-01-01 2008-01-01
      1 1994-01-01 2009-01-01
      1 2008-01-01 2008-01-01
      8
      Top

      MD_Format

      Count Component Name Version specification
      1 netCDF 4 Classic netCDF 4 Classic
      Top

      MD_Medium

      none found
      Top

      MD_Constraints

      Count Component Use Limitation
      1 not for navigation Not to be used for navigation. Although these data are of high quality and useful for planning and modeling purposes, they are not suitable for navigation. For navigation, please refer to the NOS nautical chart series.
      1 copyright statement Produced by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Not subject to copyright protection within the United States.
      2 These data not to be used for navigation. Although these data are of high quality and useful for planning and modeling purposes, they are not suitable for navigation. For official navigation products, please refer to the U.S. nautical charts available from the NOAA Office of Coast Survey: http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov.
      1 These data not to be used for navigation. Although these data are of high quality and useful for planning and modeling purposes, they are not suitable for navigation. For official navigation products, please refer to the U.S. nautical charts available from the NOAA Office of Coast Survey: https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov.
      Top

      MD_ReferenceSystem

      Count Component Code Authority Title
      1 WGS84 urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326 World Geodetic System 1984
      1 MHW urn:ogc:def:datum:EPSG::5868 Mean High Water height
      Top

      MD_GridSpatialRepresentation

      Count Component Number of Dimensions Cell Geometry Code
      1 3 area
      Top

      MD_Georeferenceable or MI_Georeferenceable

      none found
      Top

      MD_Georectified or MI_Georectified

      none found
      Top

      MD_Dimension

      Count Component Name Code Size
      1 row 11989
      1 column 14797
      1 vertical 1
      Top

      MD_CoverageDescription or MI_CoverageDescription

      none found
      Top

      MD_Band or MI_Band

      none found
      Top

      MI_RangeElementDescription

      none found
      Top

      MD_AggregateInformation

      Count Component Title Code Association Type Code
      1 Data Stewardship Maturity Report for Crescent City, California 1/3 arc-second MHW Coastal Digital Elevation Model crossReference
      1 Digital Elevation Models of Crescent City, California: Procedures, Data Sources, and Analysis crossReference
      1 NOAA Tsunami Inundation Gridding Project largerWorkCitation
      Top

      LE_Source or LI_Source

      Count Component Title Date Description
      1 CSUMB Multibeam Swath Sonar Surveys 2008-01-01 Source Contribution: NOS multibeam surveys for the Northern California Coast near Crescent City ; Source Type: online
      1 California Department of Fish and Game digitized shoreline 1996-01-01 Source Contribution: digitized shpreline data ; Source Type: download
      1 NGDC Multibeam Bathymetry Database 2009-01-01 Source Contribution: Multibeam bathymetry data ; Source Type: online
      2 NOAA Coastal Services Center Coastal Topographic Lidar 2002-01-01 Source Contribution: coastal topographic lidar ; Source Type: online
      1 NOS Hydrographic Surveys 2008-01-01 Source Contribution: hydrographic surveys downloaded from web site. ; Source Type: online
      1 USACE Bathymetric Surveys 2009-01-01 Source Contribution: Hydrographic surveys for Southern Oregon ; Source Type: on web
      1 USACE Hydrographic Surveys 2010-01-01 Source Contribution: Hydrographic surveys for Crescent City Harbor ; Source Type: online
      1 USGS NED topography 2008-01-01 Source Contribution: topographic DEM downloaded from web site. ; Source Type: online
      1 USGS Vector Shoreline 2002-01-01 Source Contribution: topographic DEM downloaded from web site. ; Source Type: online
      1 VDatum software v. 2.2.7 2009-01-01 Source Contribution: vertical datum transformation tool ; Source Type: online
      Top

      LE_ProcessStep or LI_ProcessStep

      Count Component DateTime Description
      1 2010-02-15T00:00:00 All datasets obtained by NGDC were converted to common horizontal and vertical datums of NAD 83 geographic and NAVD 88, respectively, using FME and VDatum tool. They were also converted to common file format, ESRI point shapefiles, for visualization and inspection.
      1 2010-03-01T00:00:00 Datasets were visually inspected with ArcGIS for identification and editing of data anomalies. Datasets were then compared with overlapping datasets to ensure data consistency.
      1 2010-03-10T00:00:00 Coastline datasets were merged and adjusted to fit satellite imagery.
      1 2010-04-05T00:00:00 xyz files of the bathymetric data were surfaced using GMT's 'surface' tool onto a 1 arc-second grid that interpolated to fill empty cells. Points extracted every 10 meters along the coastline were also included to ensure that the bathymetric grid reached zero at the coast. The resulting Arc ASCII grid was imported into ArcGIS and clipped to the coastline to remove values over land.
      1 2010-04-20T00:00:00 xyz files for each input dataset were gridded using MB-System's 'mbgrid' tool, which utilizes a high-tension spline interpolation method to fill grid cells with no input elevation values. Preferential weighting was given to more recent, higher-accuracy datasets. Gridding was performed in quadrants, each with a 5% data buffer. The grids were imported in ArcGIS and seamlessly merged to create the NAVD 88 DEM.
      1 2010-05-15T00:00:00 The NAVD 88 was quantitatively evaluated by comparing with source datasets and with elevation values extracted from NGS geodetic monuments. It was visually evaluated by converting to UTM-zone coordinates (units of meters horizontally and vertically) and then creating a slope grid to identify gridding artifacts in the NAVD 88 DEM.
      1 2010-05-17T00:00:00 A conversion grid that models the relationship between NAVD 88 and MHW was created using data points and the VDatum transformation tool. This conversion grid was added to the NAVD 88 DEM to generate the MHW DEM.
      1 2010-05-20T00:00:00 The MHW DEM was qualitativley evaluated by comparing with nautical charts and onsite.
      1 2015-04-22T00:00:00 NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
      Top

      MI_Operation

      Count Component Code Type Status Description
      1 Tsunami Inundation Gridding Project
      Top

      MI_Platform

      Count Component Code Description
      1 Digital Elevation Model
      Top

      MI_Instrument

      Count Component Code Type Description
      3 Light Detection and Ranging
      Top