Back to Collection NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC/MGG/Hazard_Photos

View Metadata As: Get Data, FAQ, HTML, 19139 XML

Assess Metadata For: Completeness, DOI Readiness, CSW Readiness, Components
identificationInfo
contentInfo
distributionInfo
dataQualityInfo
metadataMaintenance

Environmental Hazards and Mud Volcanoes in Romania
 (MI_Metadata)
    fileIdentifier:  gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.photos:G01208
    language:  eng; USA
    characterSet:  (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8
    hierarchyLevel:  (MD_ScopeCode) dataset
    contact:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
        organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
        positionName:  Hazards Data Manager
        contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
            address:  (CI_Address)
                electronicMailAddress:  haz.info@noaa.gov
        role:  (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact
    dateStamp:  2018-09-27
    metadataStandardName:  ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
    metadataStandardVersion:  ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
return to top
    identificationInfo:  (MD_DataIdentification)
        citation:  (CI_Citation)
            title:  Environmental Hazards and Mud Volcanoes in Romania
            date:  (CI_Date)
                date:  1994
                dateType:  (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
            edition:  First
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  Document
            citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
                role:  (CI_RoleCode) publisher
            citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                organisationName:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (comp)
                role:  (CI_RoleCode) originator
            citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                organisationName:  National Geophysical Data Center
                contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                    address:  (CI_Address)
                        city:  Boulder
                        administrativeArea:  CO
                role:  (CI_RoleCode) publisher
            presentationForm:
        abstract:  Romania, an eastern European country, is severely affected by a variety of natural hazards. These include frequent earthquakes, floods, landslides, soil erosion, and drought all of which have major social and economic impacts. Thus, there is a long tradition of study of these hazards by scientific researchers in Romania. This set of slides includes examples of landslides, rockfalls,sheet erosion, and mudflows. Romania has an area of 237,500 km2 and a great variety of geologic regions. Two-thirds of the country consists of hills, tablelands, and mountains of the Carpathian arch. The climate is dominantly temperate-continental and vegetation and soils vary widely with altitude. Altitude ranges from sea level to 2,544 meters above sea level at the highest point of the Romanian Carpathians. Romania's population in 1992 was 22.76 million inhabitants, or an average density of 95.8 people per square kilometer. The Vrancea Seismic Region of the southeastern part of the Carpathian Mountains is the most active subcrustal earthquake province of Europe. The region is characterized by high seismicity, with about three major earthquakes greater than magnitude (M) 7.0 occurring every century. The best studied earthquake of recent times occurred March 4, 1977, and had a magnitude of 7.2. This earthquake caused the death of 1,570 people, and destroyed 33,000 buildings. In addition to earthquakes, torrential rains are responsible for catastrophic floods, massive landslides, and major soil erosion. Mass movements are a significant hazard in the hilly and mountainous regions, particularly those underlain by flysch deposits. These deposits are complexes of folded and faulted sedimentary rocks containing marls, clays, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates. The distribution of mass movements in these deposits is controlled by various climatic, tectonic, and lithologic factors influenced by different land-management practices. There are significant regional differences among types of mass movements, the quantities of materials delivered from the slopes into adjacent stream channels, and risks to various human activities. In the Subcarpathians, formed predominantly of folded and faulted molasse deposits, slopes may be highly unstable. The instability is most frequently manifested by shallow (sheet) slides, landslides of medium depth, and mudflows typically 300-700 meters in length. The areas most affected by these features lie within the Curvature Subcarpathians in the Vrancea Seismic Region. In the Eastern Carpathians, formed predominantly of Cretaceous and Paleocene flysch deposits, periglacial or immediate postglacial colluvial materials are major sources of mass movements. These deposits generally range from 10 to 30 meters in depth, and landslides within them arecommonly activated or reactivated by regional deepening of the valley network in the long term, or deforestation practices by people. Because oftheir association with stream valleys, these landslides often affect towns, communication lines, and roads, and may partially or totally block valleys when they move. In the Moldlavian Plateau, the areas most affected by landslides occur on slopes built up of alternations of marls and clays, with intercalations of conglomerates and sandstones. In the Transylvanian Plateau deep landslides called "glimee" are commonly triggered by heavy rains. In the alpine belt of the Carpathian mountains, the most common mass movements are rockfalls and rock avalanches. These processes are mostcommon in the crystalline rocks on the steep slopes of glacial cirques and valleys. Sheet and gully erosion affect most of the hilly and mountainous regions of Romania. Agricultural lands on slopes steeper than 5% represent 42% ofthese regions and contribute to the bulk of sheet and gully erosion. About 20% of the agricultural lands are affected by high to very high erosionrates of 8-16 T/HA/year; 19% are subject to more moderate rates of 2-8 T/HA/Year; and about 3% are classified as slightly eroded. Highest erosion risks occur in the Curvature Subcarpathians, the Getic Subcarpathians, the north of the Getic Plateau, the central part of the Moldavian Plateau, and the west of the Translvanian Plateau. In these regions, large areas are affected by gully erosion which contributes to making about 5,000 ha/year unfit for the cultivation of crops. There is a corresponding loss of 30 million tons of soil per year. Factors related to gully erosion include poorly consolidated rocks, intense rainfall, and poor land-use practices. Mud volcanoes occur along active fault lines in the Curvature Subcarpathians, and are related to groundwater circulation under pressure.Mud volcanoes commonly are activated and reactivated during strong earthquakes. The largest mud volcanoes are located in the Berca Anticline Depression, a region rich in oil deposits. Upward movement of ground waterand oil there formed large, circular mud volcano plateaus 60-70 meters high with diameters of 200-300 meters. Within these plateaus, there are active and extinct mud volcano cones about one to three meters high. Because of the unusual formations, the region is protected from development and is a preserve for some of Romania's spectacular natural features.
        purpose:  Make available Damage Photos for research and education
        credit:  Patricia Lockridge
        status:  (MD_ProgressCode) completed
        pointOfContact:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
            organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
            positionName:  Hazards Data Manager
            contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                address:  (CI_Address)
                    electronicMailAddress:  haz.info@noaa.gov
            role:  (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact
        resourceMaintenance:  (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
            maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency:  (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) notPlanned
        graphicOverview:  (MD_BrowseGraphic)
            fileName: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/icons/small_res/15/15_318.jpg
            fileDescription:  Mud volcano cones in the Berca Anticline Depression of the Curvature Subcarpathians.
            fileType:  JPEG
        descriptiveKeywords:  (MD_Keywords)
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > Entrainment
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > Erosion
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > Erosion/Sedimentation > Weathering
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > Coastal Processes > Erosion
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Tectonics > Faults
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Eruption Dynamics
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Lava
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Magma
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Pyroclastics
            keyword:  EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > Volcanoes > Volcanic Ash/Dust
            type:  (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme
            thesaurusName:  (CI_Citation)
                title:  NASA/GCMD Earth Science Keywords
                date: (unknown)
        descriptiveKeywords:  (MD_Keywords)
            keyword:  Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Landslides
            type:  (MD_KeywordTypeCode) theme
            thesaurusName:  (CI_Citation)
                title:  INFOTERRA Keyword Thesaurus
                date: (unknown)
        descriptiveKeywords:  (MD_Keywords)
            keyword:  ICSU-WDS > International Council for Science - World Data System
            type:  (MD_KeywordTypeCode) project
            thesaurusName:  (CI_Citation)
                title:  Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords
                date:  (CI_Date)
                    date:  2020-01-09
                    dateType:  (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
                edition:  9.1
                citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                    organisationName:  NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Science Data and Information System
                    contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                        onlineResource:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                            linkage: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords
                            name:  Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
                            description:  The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
                            function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
                    role:  (CI_RoleCode) custodian
        descriptiveKeywords:  (MD_Keywords)
            keyword:  Europe > Romania
            type:  (MD_KeywordTypeCode) place
            thesaurusName:  (CI_Citation)
                title:  Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
                date: (unknown)
        descriptiveKeywords:  (MD_Keywords)
            keyword:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
            keyword:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
            type:  (MD_KeywordTypeCode) dataCentre
            thesaurusName:  (CI_Citation)
                title:  Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords
                date:  (CI_Date)
                    date:  2020-01-09
                    dateType:  (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
                edition:  9.1
                citedResponsibleParty:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                    organisationName:  NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Science Data and Information System
                    contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                        onlineResource:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                            linkage: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/idn/gcmd-keywords
                            name:  Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
                            description:  The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
                            function:  (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
                    role:  (CI_RoleCode) custodian
        resourceConstraints:  (MD_LegalConstraints)
            accessConstraints:  (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
            useConstraints:  (MD_RestrictionCode) otherRestrictions
            otherConstraints:  Access Constraints: None Use Constraints: None Distribution Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.
        aggregationInfo:  (MD_AggregateInformation)
            aggregateDataSetIdentifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                authority:  (CI_Citation)
                    title:  Container Packet ID
                    date: (unknown)
                code:  G01143
            associationType:  (DS_AssociationTypeCode)
        language:  eng; USA
        topicCategory:  (MD_TopicCategoryCode) geoscientificInformation
        extent:  (EX_Extent)
            geographicElement:  (EX_GeographicBoundingBox)
                westBoundLongitude:  24
                eastBoundLongitude:  27
                southBoundLatitude:  46.3
                northBoundLatitude:  48
            temporalElement:  (EX_TemporalExtent)
                extent:
                  TimePeriod:
                    description:  Publication Date
                    beginPosition:  1975-07-00
                    endPosition:  1982-06-00
return to top
    contentInfo:
return to top
    distributionInfo:  (MD_Distribution)
        distributionFormat:  (MD_Format)
            name:  TIFF
            version: (unknown)
        distributor:  (MD_Distributor)
            distributorContact:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
                organisationName:  DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
                positionName:  User Services
                contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                    phone:  (CI_Telephone)
                        voice:  303-497-6826
                        facsimile:  303-497-6513
                    address:  (CI_Address)
                        deliveryPoint:  325 Broadway
                        city:  Boulder
                        administrativeArea:  CO
                        postalCode:  80305-3328
                        country:  USA
                        electronicMailAddress:  ngdc.info@noaa.gov
                    hoursOfService:  8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
                role:  (CI_RoleCode) distributor
        transferOptions:  (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
            transferSize:
              Real:  30242
            onLine:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazardimages/
            onLine:  (CI_OnlineResource)
                linkage: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/
        transferOptions:  (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
            offLine:  (MD_Medium)
                name:  (MD_MediumNameCode) cdRom
                mediumFormat:  (MD_MediumFormatCode) iso9660
return to top
    dataQualityInfo:  (DQ_DataQuality)
        scope:  (DQ_Scope)
            level:  (MD_ScopeCode) repository
            levelDescription:  (MD_ScopeDescription)
                other:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
        lineage:  (LI_Lineage)
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2015-04-22T00:00:00
return to top
    metadataMaintenance:  (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
        maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (unknown)
        maintenanceNote:  This metadata was automatically generated from the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata: Extensions for Remote Sensing Metadata standard version FGDC-STD-012-2002 using the June 2011 version of the FGDC RSE to ISO 19115-2 transform. The Spatial Reference Information is not currently mapped over to ISO but will be mapped in future versions.
        maintenanceNote:  This record was automatically modified on 2015-10-14 to include references to NCEI where applicable.
        contact:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
            organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
            positionName:  Metadata Specialist
            role:  (CI_RoleCode) editor
        contact:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
            organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
            positionName:  Hazards Data Manager
            contactInfo:  (CI_Contact)
                address:  (CI_Address)
                    electronicMailAddress:  haz.info@noaa.gov
            role:  (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact